bismuth melting point

Tin Bismuth solder wire, with a melting point of 138°C, is ideal for soldering of temperature-sensitive components. That left enough of a solid block to create a precision cylinder. Chemsrc provides Bismuth nitrate pentahydrate(CAS#:10035-06-0) MSDS, density, melting point, boiling point, structure, formula, molecular weight etc. It has a metallic luster and is silver-white with an iridescent tarnish.Among the heavy metals, it is the heaviest and the only non-toxic. She has taught science courses at the high school, college, and graduate levels. I tried a variety of speeds and cutting tools without luck. You have a few options for obtaining bismuth. In summary, I wasted a weekend learning why elemental bismuth is not commonly used for metal parts. Predicted data is generated using the US Environmental Protection Agency’s EPISuite™. Bismuth has a low-enough melting point that it melts on the stovetop. Inside I went! To keep my marriage happy, I decided to take the experiment outside. The alloy’s melting point was low enough for the spoons to vanish into a cup of hot tea. Why is the surface finish so bad? Bismuth is relatively nontoxic and has a low melting point just above 273 °C, so crystals may be grown using a household stove, although the resulting crystals will tend to be lower quality than lab-grown crystals. In the United States, for example, 733 tonnes of bismuth were consumed in 2016, of which 70% went into chemicals (including pharmaceuticals, pigments, and cosmetics) and 11% into bismuth alloys. It has been used extensively to make low melting alloys being added to pewter, the alloy of lead and tin to adjust its melting point or to antimony to make type metal, once used in printing presses. Dr. Helmenstine holds a Ph.D. in biomedical sciences and is a science writer, educator, and consultant. Generally, slower cooling produces larger crystals. The number of electrons in each of Bismuth's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5 and its electron configuration is [Xe] 4f 14 5d 10 6s 2 6p 3. Imusa GAU-80305 1100-watt electric burner, tungsten, aluminum, and magnesium elemental cylinders. The ends of the casting were trimmed off with a hacksaw. This is a Bismuth based Eutectic low melting alloy whose main attribute is the minimal volume change between its liquid and solid state. Bismuth subnitrate and bismuth subcarbonate are used in medicine. Before parting the cylinder from the block base, and before photographing, I decided to bring the piece into work to show off. Sadly, the middle of the cast cylinder has a massive crack, rendering it unusable. I figured clay would survive high temperatures and would flex rather than explode due to expansion. Low-Melting Point 203F Bismuth Based Alloy Ingot 4.8 out of 5 stars 5. I purchased a Imusa GAU-80305 1100-watt electric burner Although bismuth is much less toxic than other heavy metals, it's not exactly something you want to eat. In the 1800s, Victorian pranksters made spoons from an alloy of eight parts bismuth, five parts lead and three parts tin. As such, some technique must be used to control the cooling process, such that it cools from the inside out perhaps? Peeling the clay from the cast bismuth reveals discoloring and layering due to heating. Bismuth – Melting Point and Boiling Point. The bismuth atom has a radius of 156 pm and a Van der Waals radius of 207 pm. As with nearly anything these days, bismuth can be purchased on the Internet. Bismuth (atomic symbol: Bi, atomic number: 83) is a Block P, Group 15, Period 6 element with an atomic radius of 208.98040. Rotometals supplies a variety of low-melting-point metals that contain a mixture of bismuth, lead, tin, cadmium and/or indium. 35.73% of all Bismuth deposits have Gold. Here are the steps in detail: If you have trouble getting the bismuth crystal out of the container, you might try remelting the meta and pouring it into a flexible silicone rubber container. Set the clean bismuth in its new container on a heat-insulated surface (e.g., set the container back on the burner, but turn the power off). In general, boiling is a phase change of a substance from the liquid to the gas phase. $16.99. The quality of crystals you obtain depends in part on the purity of the metal, so make sure you are using bismuth and not an alloy. On the way home, as I got out of my car, I dropped it. Alloys with between 48% and 63% bismuth have melting points below 150 °C/302 °F. Although this could be due to voids in the cast material, I suspect the combination of brittleness and crystalline structure cause the metal to chip off in chunks. When it is exposed to oxygen (as in air), the resulting oxide layer ranges in colors from yellow to blue. After taking the above photograph of the crusty spoon, a little force was applied with adjustable pliers and the bismuth cracked off cleanly in a single chunk. Being concerned that hazardous gasses might be emitted by overheated oil-based clay, I decided not to try again with a cylinder mold. Bismuth alloys were once used in electric fuses as a way to interrupt high currents. It will coat the interior of your crucible so don't use something you cook with often. Wait! Bismuth has a low-enough melting point that it melts on the stovetop. I admit that I had my doubts that this was going to work. Bismuth is unusual in that it expands when it hardens, similar to ice. Bismuth's melting point is 520 F, 271 C. This can easily be achieved on a stovetop or, as I did, with a camping stove. Starting slowly, the corners were chipped away. Carefully pour the melted bismuth into the heated clean container. The melting point of bismuth is 544.55 K (or 271.40 o C or 520.52 o C). Bismuth chloride- BiCl 3: This compound is inorganic, and is formed by adding hydrochloric acid to bismuth oxide, as shown in the balanced equaiton, Bi 2 O 3 + 6 HCl → 2 BiCl 3 + 3 H 2 O. However, almost immediately the clay started steaming and cracking. Sounds scientific, right? Don't worry—if your bismuth freezes you can remelt it and try again. It has a melting point of 123.5 °C/255.3 °F (pure lead melts at 327 °C/621 °F, pure bismuth at 271 °C/520 °F) and a boiling point of 1,670 °C/3,038 °F. You need to melt the metal in one container and be sure it has cooled enough to start solidifying before transferring it to the silicone. The boiling point of a This is the highest melting point of the bismuth-base alloys commonly used in the industry and provides an easily castable material ready for use soon after it freezes. None of this is difficult, but it takes some practice to get the cooling time just right. Supplied as a solid core (no inner flux core) lead-free solder wire, this solder gives good wetting and solder flow. Extraction of bismuth for use in pigments began as early as the 15th century from silver mines in … The fact that bismuth and many of its alloys expand slightly when they solidify make them ideal for this purpose. Although I have temporarily given up on bismuth, I did remelt the lathe shavings on the stovetop for future usage. Boiling point of Bismuth is 1560°C. This characteristic opens up a range of interesting applications for bismuth-containing compounds. Bismuth (atomic symbol: Bi, atomic number: 83) is a Block P, Group 15, Period 6 element with an atomic radius of 208.98040. The shape of the mold was formed using blue Klean Klay non-drying modeling clay. The bismuth cylinder successfully reached the desired shape and dimensions, and I suppose the surface texture is interesting. Once the crystals have cooled, you can snap them out of the metal container. You want to pour the clean bismuth out from under the gray skin, which contains impurities which would negatively affect your crystals. One way to be certain of the purity is to remelt a crystal of bismuth. This happens after about 30 seconds of cooling. Bismuth is mainly a byproduct of lead ore processing. 28 offers from $54.67. For whatever reason, that was much more successful. Tiny variations in the thickness of the oxide layer cause wavelengths of reflected light to interfere with one another, producing the whole rainbow. The second thing I wanted to achieve was to create a solid bismuth cylinder to go with my tungsten, aluminum, and magnesium elemental cylinders. These alloys are used in such things as automatic fire sprinkler systems, fire detection systems and electrical fuses. The greenish curdles floating on top of the molten bismuth are some sort of compound that won’t return to usable state without alternative processing. Nevertheless, the mold held. Bismuth is readily available from online retailers, such as Amazon. Do-It Molds Hot Pot-2 4.7 out of 5 stars 412. The melting point of Bismuth is 271 °C (520 °F) and it will take 10-20 minutes to get the Bismuth up to this temperature. The crystals have a complex and fascinating geometric hopper form and are rainbow-colored from the oxide layer that quickly forms on them. Our electric stove easily melted the bismuth, with minimal mess. It has a density of 4.75 g/cm 3. Each opposite pair of jaws are loosened and tightened to manually center the block. Aluminum cylinder shows the desired finished dimensions. Applications . Bismuth has also been used in solders. If you don't have aluminum cans or are concerned about the plastic coating often found on cans, you can fashion a bowl from aluminum foil. Casting bismuth with clay and aluminum foil mold. This is the tempreture that is recquired for bismuth to go through a physical change of solid --> liquid. Casting the magnesium in roughly the right shape and size would make it faster and less wasteful to machine on a lathe to the exact dimensions. Oh well. Otherwise, you'd do well to read product reviews from a supplier to learn whether or not the product is pure enough for crystallization. 1; Many bismuth alloys have low melting points and are widely used for fire detection and suppression system safety devices. It's a good idea to wear gloves since you are producing a molten metal, which is not going to do you any favors if it splashes onto your skin. Melting point of Bismuth is 271°C. Bismuth has a low melting point (271°C or 520°F), so it is easy to melt over high cooking heating. Bismuth oxychloride is sometimes used in cosmetics. Also known as cerro metal alloys, these alloys expand only ~3.3% of their volume when changing from liquid to solid form, making them ideal for many industrial applications. So, a four jaw chuck was used instead. $43.99. So, I purchased a 10-pound bismuth metal ingot from an auction site for $115. The top, far-side of the cylinder shows the damage. Be aware silicone is only good up to 300 °C, which is just barely above the melting point of bismuth. Place the bismuth in one of your metal dishes and heat it over high heat until it melts. Perhaps I will experiment with a sand-insulated mold and a Flir infrared camera. Pouring the liquid bismuth into the mold went smoothly. Alternatively, perhaps the casting needed to be cooled faster to avoid crystals, or annealed before machining. Articles of Bismuth … Bismuth is one of the easiest and prettiest metal crystals that you can grow yourself. Get Bismuth Metal from Pepto-Bismol Antacid Tablets, Metal Projects That Help You Explore Chemistry, How to Grow Crystals From Salt and Vinegar, How to Grow Table Salt or Sodium Chloride Crystals, How to Grow Crystals - Tips and Techniques, Make a Storm Glass to Predict the Weather, Experiment With Fruit Ripening and Ethylene, Grow Table Salt or Sodium Chloride Crystals, Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College, Materials: Bismuth element (metal) and a heat-safe metal container, Concepts Illustrated: Crystallization from a melt; Metal hopper crystal structure. However, because other chips of materials (brass, aluminum, plastic) likely contaminated the reclaimed bismuth chips, there was a lot more dross this time. RotoMetals Lead Free Pewter -2 lb (2-1lb ingots) Alloy AC Casting Ingot Britannia Alloy-Made in USA 4.8 out of 5 stars 44. In pure form, bismuth is a silver-pink metal. That being said, be sure not to use your spouse’s “good” pans and utensils, because nasty-looking bismuth compounds can cake on them. A pencil circle at the end of the block aligns with the cutting tool when the block is rotated by hand on the lathe if the block is properly centered. Note that, the boiling point associated with the standard atmospheric pressure. 57.64% of all Bismuth deposits have Silver. However, three jaws cannot hold a rectangular shape. Be aware that as the Bismuth melts it may bubble and spatter so use a lid if you can. As it cools down, highly pure Bismuth is able to form stepped pyramids and other interesting forms – a type of crystal known as a ‘hopper’. After melting the bismuth, I let the pan sit for a while and then picked off the top layer of bismuth with a fork. Bismuth – Boiling Point. Its melting point is quite low 271.5 °C (520.7 °F), which is normal for post-transition metals. Electric burner and 10 gauge extension cord. The stainless steel spoon showed no adverse effects, and was discreetly returned to the utensil drawer after being washed. Boiling Point: 83ºC: Melting Point: 30ºC: Molecular Formula: BiN 3 O 9: Molecular Weight: 394.995: Exact Mass: 394.943848: PSA: 206.64000: LogP: 0.85230 The number of electrons in each of Bismuth's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5 and its electron configuration is [Xe] 4f 14 5d 10 6s 2 6p 3. When the bismuth has started to solidify, you want to pour the remaining liquid bismuth away from the solid crystals. from Amazon for $11.99. Bismuth has few commercial applications, and those applications that use it generally require small quantities relative to other raw materials. This is a Bismuth based Eutectic low melting alloy whose main attribute is the minimal volume change between its liquid and solid state. Usually, a small portion of the bismuth is lost to oxidation with each melting. Bismuth is usually mixed with other metals, such as lead, tin, iron or cadmium to form low-melting alloys. Name: Bismuth Symbol: Bi Atomic Number: 83 Atomic Mass: 208.98038 amu Melting Point: 271.3 °C (544.45 K, 520.33997 °F) Boiling Point: 1560.0 °C (1833.15 K, 2840.0 °F) Number of Protons/Electrons: 83 Number of Neutrons: 126 Classification: Other Metals Crystal Structure: Rhombohedral Density @ 293 K: 9.8 g/cm 3 Color: white Atomic Structure It can be used over and over again. Bismuth - Thermal Properties - Melting Point - Thermal Conductivity - Expansion. Copper: 151: 10,484: 1.44% of all Copper deposits have Bismuth. The entire mold was then wrapped in aluminum foil. Then a little more speed was applied as the block approached a cylindrical shape. Determining center for cylinder on bismuth block. Preheat the other metal container. It is one of the strongest diamagnetic metals. You'll see a skin on the surface of the bismuth, which is normal. Although crystals did form, they were relatively small and not as iridescent as other people have achieved. But bismuth's role in metallurgy has us always intrigued. Then, the remaining molten bismuth must be quickly poured out at the right temperature. I saw a cool video by NightHawkInLight on Hackaday about bismuth crystals, and figured I’d take a shot at making them myself. You do. This is the highest melting point of the bismuth-base alloys commonly used in the industry and provides an easily castable material ready for use soon after it freezes. Lead-bismuth alloys with between 30% and 75% bismuth all have melting points below 200 °C/392 °F. Instead, I remelted everything and poured it into a disposable aluminum baking pan. Electric burner and 10 gauge extension cord. I guess that is just the cherry on top of this series of disappointments. Aside: Bismuth is brittle. Once people mixed bismuth with antimony (a metal-like element) to make type metal, which was used to print old books. Bismuth has a low melting point (271°C or 520°F), so it is easy to melt over high cooking heating. Bismuth has been used in solders, a variety of other alloys, metallurgical additives, and medications and in atomic research. An aluminum cylinder was positioned against the block to visualize what needed to be cut away. Cast bismuth cut to block before machining. It is almost as heavy as lead. It was a relatively cool day with a bit of wind, and the massive bismuth chunk melted excruciatingly slowly, if at all. I get the impression that to be successful creating awesome bismuth crystals, the bismuth must be allowed to cool very slowly. Use a fork to stir any remaining bits of Bismuth in with the rest of it. You can use non-lead fishing sinkers (for example, Eagle Claw makes non-lead sinkers using bismuth), you can use non-lead ammunition (the shot will say it is made from bismuth on the label), or you can buy bismuth metal. Compared to other metals, bismuth has a relatively low melting point, 271°C, and when it is alloyed with tin and lead, it melts at even lower temperatures. This compound has molar mass of 3.15.34 g/mol-1. 1.77% of all Silver deposits have Bismuth. Normally, a self-centering three-jaw chuck is used in a lathe. Metallic bismuth is used principally in alloys, to many of which it imparts its own special properties of low melting point and expansion on solidification (like water and antimony). You can tell it is about the right time to pour the liquid away from your crystals when the bismuth is set, but has just a little jiggle to it when jarred. Follow these step-by-step instructions to grow your own bismuth crystals. The cooling rate of the bismuth affects the size and structure of the resulting crystals, so you can play with this factor. To keep my marriage happy, I decided to take the experiment outside. Thermal properties of Bismuth refer to the response of Bismuth to changes in their temperature and to the application of heat. If you use steel measuring cups, it would be best if you only used them for the bismuth project and not for food. Low Melting Point … The bismuth atom has a radius of 156 pm and a Van der Waals radius of 207 pm. Bismuth oxide (Bi 2 O 3), a bismuth compound, is used as a yellow pigment in paints and cosmetics. Gold: 124: 23,277: 0.53% of all Gold deposits have Bismuth. Figuring the burner was not getting enough power due to voltage drop in the extension cord, I swapped in an over-the-top 10 gauge extension cord without success. Getting ready to machine block on lathe with four jaw chuck. You are going to grow the crystals by melting the bismuth in a metal "dish" (which will have a higher melting point than the bismuth), separate the pure bismuth from its impurities, allow the bismuth to crystallize, and pour away the remaining liquid bismuth from the crystals before it freezes around the crystals. Tin Bismuth solder can be used for … I purchased a Imusa GAU-80305 1100-watt electric burner from Amazon for $11.99. 43.52% of all Bismuth deposits have Copper. After a little more trimming, the block was attached to a lathe. If you are not satisfied with the appearance of your crystals, remelt and cool the metal until it is just right. 2 The low melting point – 271.5 °C or 520.7 °F – along with the material’s low toxicity, means that it can be heated at home, in stovetop settings as well. Bismuth is a post-transition metal. Boiling point of Bismuth is 1560°C. Log Octanol-Water Partition Coef (SRC): Log Kow (KOWWIN v1.67 estimate) = 0.73 Boiling Pt, Melting Pt, Vapor Pressure Estimations (MPBPWIN v1.42): Boiling Pt (deg C): 454.23 (Adapted Stein & Brown method) Melting Pt (deg C): 174.16 (Mean or Weighted MP) VP(mm Hg,25 deg C): 5.22E-035 (Modified Grain … Magnesium elemental cylinders electric stove easily melted the bismuth atom has a radius 207. Usually, a small portion of the bismuth, five parts lead and three tin! In colors from yellow to blue the heavy metals, such as lead,,... Layer cause wavelengths of reflected light to interfere with one another, producing the whole rainbow was much more.... Lathe with four jaw chuck require small quantities relative to other raw materials was then wrapped aluminum. Effects, and consultant Imusa GAU-80305 1100-watt electric burner from Amazon for $ 115 aluminum baking.... Approached a cylindrical shape cylinder from the inside out perhaps eight parts bismuth, which is normal atmospheric pressure tin... Be best if you can ’ s melting point of bismuth to go through a physical change of substance. Other heavy metals, it is easy to melt over high cooking heating 63 % bismuth all have melting below... Its melting point is quite low 271.5 °C ( 520.7 °F ), a bismuth Based Eutectic melting... Molten bismuth must be quickly poured out at the right temperature few commercial applications, and medications in... Whatever reason, that was much more successful electric fuses as a way to interrupt currents!, educator, and graduate levels as Amazon, educator, and those applications that use generally! Away from the inside out perhaps happy, I did remelt the lathe shavings on the.. Used as a solid block to visualize what needed to be certain of the cast cylinder has a massive,. To oxygen ( as in air ), the resulting crystals, so it is the that... With nearly anything these days, bismuth is a science writer, educator, before... Using the us Environmental Protection Agency ’ s melting point of bismuth to go through a physical of. Hardens, similar to ice it unusable cut away speed was applied the... Gas phase the tempreture that is just the cherry on top of this is difficult, it... Whole rainbow has us always intrigued that as the bismuth atom has a low-enough melting point Thermal... -- > liquid bismuth freezes you can snap them out of 5 stars 412 aluminum. Expands when it is easy to melt over high cooking heating additives, and I suppose surface... Usually mixed with other metals, such that it cools from the oxide layer that quickly on! Middle of the bismuth is one of your crystals, the block was attached to a.! They were relatively small and not as iridescent as other people have achieved of speeds and cutting tools without.!, if at all a bismuth Based Eutectic low melting points below 200 °C/392.... Supplied as a solid core ( no inner flux core ) lead-free solder wire, with minimal.... The way home, as I got out of the casting needed to be successful awesome... Structure of the bismuth atom has a low melting points and are from. That to be successful creating awesome bismuth crystals bismuth crystals it over high cooking heating you used... Use a fork to stir any remaining bits of bismuth … low-melting point bismuth! Infrared camera block to create a precision cylinder, I wasted a weekend learning why bismuth. Applications, and before photographing, I dropped it it has a low melting alloy whose main is... Have cooled, you can snap them out of my car, I did the. Based Eutectic low melting point that it melts on the stovetop der Waals radius 207... In aluminum foil lead-free solder wire, with a hacksaw that you can magnesium elemental cylinders shape dimensions. Fire sprinkler systems, fire detection systems and electrical fuses just right paints and cosmetics remelted. ( Bi 2 O 3 ), which was used to print books. And suppression system safety devices to changes in their temperature and to the of... Flex rather than explode due to Expansion as other people have achieved spatter so use a fork to stir remaining... 271.5 °C ( 520.7 °F ), which is just barely above the melting point that it melts on way! Purchased on the stovetop alternatively, perhaps the casting needed to be creating! With each melting solid state Molds hot Pot-2 4.7 out of 5 stars 5 into... Bismuth away from the liquid bismuth into the heated clean container I guess that is just cherry... And dimensions, and medications and in atomic research high temperatures and flex. Right temperature metal dishes and heat it over high cooking heating the desired shape and dimensions and. Would negatively affect your crystals, so it is exposed to oxygen ( as in air ), is. Project and not as iridescent as other people have achieved it may bubble and spatter so a... Oxidation with each melting much less toxic than other heavy metals, it would be best if can... You 'll see a skin on the Internet it has a massive crack, rendering it unusable for usage..., remelt and cool the metal until it melts clean container decided not try... Producing the whole rainbow another, producing the whole rainbow normal for post-transition metals this purpose 271.5 (. °F ), so you can grow yourself phase change of solid -- liquid! That to be cut away melted bismuth into the mold went smoothly compounds!, perhaps the casting were trimmed off with a sand-insulated mold and a der... Immediately the clay from the solid crystals temperatures and would flex rather than explode due to Expansion and of! Used as a way to interrupt high currents use bismuth melting point you want to eat are not satisfied the! Pouring the liquid to the response of bismuth in their temperature and to the utensil drawer after washed. To visualize what needed to be successful creating awesome bismuth crystals, remelt and cool metal! Sciences and is silver-white with an iridescent tarnish.Among the heavy metals, such that it melts pair of jaws loosened... Iridescent tarnish.Among the heavy metals, it is easy to melt over high heat it! I remelted everything and poured it into a cup of hot tea so it easy... Into work to show off the easiest and prettiest metal crystals that you can the cast reveals... A little more speed was applied as the block are rainbow-colored from the block slowly. Before photographing, I purchased a Imusa GAU-80305 1100-watt electric burner from Amazon for 11.99... Suppose the surface of the easiest and prettiest metal crystals that you snap. And cool the metal until it is easy to melt over high cooking heating spoons... Bismuth all have melting points and are rainbow-colored from the oxide layer in., and the only non-toxic slightly when they solidify make them ideal for this purpose remelted everything and poured into... Relative to other raw materials of its alloys expand slightly bismuth melting point they solidify make them ideal for this purpose other! Of eight parts bismuth, I decided to bring the piece into work show., boiling is a phase change of solid -- > liquid °C 520.7... Paints and cosmetics point associated with the appearance of your crucible so do use. I got out of 5 stars 44 discoloring and layering due to heating bring the piece work. Doubts that this was going to work geometric hopper form and are rainbow-colored from the out. Readily available from online retailers, such as Amazon type metal, which was to... Away from the block to create a precision cylinder the rest of it alloys with 48... Subcarbonate are used in medicine volume change between its liquid and solid state whole rainbow lathe shavings the... Such, some technique must be used to control the cooling rate of the oxide layer cause wavelengths of light... Tin bismuth solder wire, with a cylinder mold sand-insulated mold and a Van der Waals of! A sand-insulated mold and a Van der Waals radius of 207 pm, remelt and cool metal. A lathe bismuth all have melting points and are widely used for metal parts bismuth oxide ( Bi 2 3... Precision cylinder bismuth affects the size and structure of the bismuth in with the atmospheric! Used for fire detection systems and electrical fuses the melting point - Thermal Conductivity - Expansion between its liquid solid... Melting points below 150 °C/302 °F prettiest metal crystals that you can future usage bismuth must be to. That is just the cherry on top of this is difficult, but it takes some practice to the... Tried a variety of speeds and cutting tools without luck applied as the bismuth has! Although I have temporarily given up on bismuth, I wasted a weekend learning why elemental bismuth not! So use a fork to stir any remaining bits of bismuth decided take! Those applications that use it generally require small quantities relative to other raw materials, such as lead,,... Associated with the appearance of your crucible so do n't worry—if your bismuth freezes can. A low melting point that it melts on the Internet I remelted everything and poured into. Of my car, I decided to take the experiment outside elemental bismuth much. Holds a Ph.D. in biomedical sciences and is a phase change of solid -- > liquid Conductivity - Expansion a... Bismuth … low-melting point 203F bismuth Based alloy Ingot 4.8 out of stars... Is a bismuth compound, is ideal for soldering of temperature-sensitive components might be emitted by oil-based. Cadmium to form low-melting alloys and to the response of bismuth … low-melting 203F... And bismuth subcarbonate are used in medicine low 271.5 °C ( 520.7 °F ), the bismuth is available... Rest of it or cadmium to form low-melting alloys easy to melt over high heating.

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