What’s more, some of this white phosphorus was used in Israel’s invasion of Gaza at the end of 2008, known as Operation Cast Lead or, more appropriately, the Gaza Massacre. When Israel's use of white phosphorus emerged during the war, the military at first denied using the weapon, then said it only used weapons in accordance with international law. Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 10:314-330.). Its civilian uses include production of phosphoric acid and phosphate based fertilizers. We all know that the United States is backing them up and that their military consider it to be a very effective and versatile munition. Rinising with sodium bicarbonate solution helps neutralize acids. The claim that smoke shells were used indiscriminately, or to threaten the civilian population, is baseless.". Footage released also show the characteristic images of shelling in neighborhoods with WP, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVY4NUKowzg, http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2009/01/200911114222894141.html, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vq-b_40IKfs, On January 12, 2009, Human Rights Watch issued a report demanding Israel stop using WP, (http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/01/10/israel-stop-unlawful-use-white-phosphorus-gaza). Palestinian civilians and medics run to safety during an Israeli strike using phosphorus shells at a UN school. The 71-pages-long Human Rights Watch (HRW) report, entitled “Rain of Fire: Israel’s Unlawful Use of White Phosphorous in Gaza,” states that even before the group’s researchers were able to enter Gaza, they had watched from adjacent perimeter areas in Israel as white phosphorus bombs exploded in the air over densely-packed residential areas in the Gaza Strip. Loay Subuh, blinded at age 9 by phosphorus bomb, wants to be example of steadfastness for others. British soldiers also made extensive use of white phosphorus grenades during the Falklands War to clear out Argentinepositions as the peaty soil they were constructed on tended to lessen the impact of fr… Gaza phosphorus casualties relive Israel's three-week war Special Report: Tim Butcher in Gaza City argues why the true story about Israel's use of phosphorus shells may never emerge. Razia was rushed to a local Afghan army base, which could do little to help. UN officials have said that the main UN compound in Gaza has been hit with shells containing the incendiary agent white phosphorus. IDF soldiers who took part in the Gaza campaign also testified on the extensive use of white phosphorus, including direct fire on houses suspected of being booby-trapped (and not for “masking” purposes as the IDF later claimed). When used as an incendiary weapon it works directly against personnel producing severe physical and psychological impacts and also destroys equipment of targeted troops. "Based on the findings at this stage it is already possible to conclude that the IDF's use of smoke shells was in accordance with international law," it said. The High Contracting Party and the authority may also agree to accept and apply the obligations of Additional Protocol 1 to the Geneva Conventions on a reciprocal basis. During Israel's three-week-long offensive on Gaza launched on 27 December, the Israeli army used internationally banned weapons according to foreign military and medical experts. Phosphorus bombs in Gaza – the evidence. REUTERS/Jonathan Ernst The phosphorus burn – a preliminary comparative experimental study of various forms of treatment. The most notable exclusion of the main text was Article 7 paragraph 4 which reads: Treaty relations upon entry into force of this Convention: This Convention, and the annexed Protocols by which a High Contracting Party is bound, shall apply with respect to an armed conflict against that High Contracting Party of the type referred to in Article 1, paragraph 4, of Additional Protocol 1 to the Geneva Convention of 12 August 1949 for the Protection of War Victims: (a) Where the High Contracting Party is also a party to Additional Protocol 1 and an authority referred to in Article 96, paragraph 3, of that Protocol has under-taken to apply the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol 1 in accord-ance with Article 96, paragraph 3, of the said Protocol, and undertakes to apply this Convention and the relevant annexed Protocols in relation to that conflict; or. “USsourced white phosphorus shells – a chemical weapon that causes severe burning right down to the bone – were used by Israeli forces against Palestinians in Gaza … …,Israel's exclusions in signing: )Protocol III of the convention sets out prohibitions against use of incendiary weapons such as WP (Israel did not sign the protocol). The Los Angeles Times reported January 12 that 20 homes burnt, one women killed and several injured from the use of WP in Gaza writing:“One landed in my kitchen and caused a fire,' said Zohair Mohammed abu Rejila, 35. The American 155mm M110A1 artillery shell is a white phosphorus MUNITION. Report No. It said the Israeli military used white phosphorus in a "deliberate or reckless" way. Protocol III of the convention sets out prohibitions against use of incendiary weapons such as WP (Israel did not sign the protocol). "In Gaza, the Israeli military didn't just use white phosphorus in open areas as a screen for its troops," said Fred Abrahams, a senior Human Rights Watch researcher. 'Height of burst' calculations over an image of Rafah, Gaza (Iyad El … It is used against vehicles, petroleum, oils and lubricants (POL) and ammunition storage areas, and enemy observers. These authors documented congestion, edema, and hemorrhages in the lungs of effected animals. Masking. We used it for screening missions at two breeches and, later in the fight, as a potent psychological weapon against the insurgents in trench lines and spider holes when we could not get effects on them with HE (High Explosive) Rounds. Bradley S. Klapper, “ICRC: Israel’s use of white phosphorus not illegal,” Associated Press , January 13, 2009. (iii) The Geneva Conventions, this Convention and its relevant annexed Protocols are equally binding upon all parties to the conflict. White Phosphorus can be used to destroy the enemy's equipment or to limit his vision. Tonight the Israeli military said its investigation into the use of white phosphorous was still under way, but insisted its use of what it called 155mm "smoke shells" was legal. In January, the Guardian found one such shell still smoking several days after it was fired, outside the home of the Abu Halima family in Atatra. White phosphorus was used most often during World War II in military formulations for smoke screens, marker shells, incendiaries, hand grenades, smoke markers, colored flares, and tracer bullets.” (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/wp.htm)). When the carbon disulfide evaporated, the phosphorus would burst into flames, and probably also ignite the highly flammable carbon disulfide fumes. Saunders Co, 833-889.). The IDF used white phosphorus in its attack on the Gaza Strip. That same year, Israeli forces launched artillery shells containing white phosphorus in the northern part of the besieged Gaza Strip during the 2009 war with Hamas. (see documentary ), At one point WP was used in rat poison and in fireworks but modern products do not have it because of potential health hazards. The US used WP in its wars from Vietnam to Iraq and has defended such use as legitimate. The form used by the military is highly energetic (active) and ignites once it is exposed to oxygen. Clothing or material that has WP should be discarded in water or allowed to burn in a safe location. Fire and smoke consumed the house, immediately killing two of Razia’s sisters as they slept side by side. White phosphorus burns can be lethal due to absorption of WP from the burned surface “which may result in multi-organ failure (mainly liver and kidneys), hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities (ST depression, QT elongation, microvoltage of QRS and bradycardia) (Bowen TE, Whelan TJ Jr, Nelson TG. “Human rights” organizations, the press, and Palestinians are conflating—mixing together—a smoke shell and a munition. Israel's exclusions in signing: http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/NORM/4F63DC0452DC95BEC1256402003FD28B?OpenDocument). There are scattered studies on effects of WP and WP Smoke on renal, circulatory, hepatic, and musculoskeletal systems (see http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp103-c2.pdf ). Azerbaijan and Armenia accused each other Wednesday of using weapons containing white phosphorus during weeks of recent fighting for control of the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region. -- Israel is using white-phosphorus, a chemical that burns away human flesh to the bone, in shelling the densely-populated Gaza Strip, in a violation of international humanitarian laws, a leading international rights group said. January 11, 2009 Press TV Images of WP use in Gaza. http://www.ccwtreaty.com/KeyDocs/ccwtreatytext.htm, http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/NORM/4F63DC0452DC95BEC1256402003FD28B?OpenDocument, http://www.ccwtreaty.com/KeyDocs/protocol3.html, The Geopolitical Status of Qalqiliya Governorate, Olive Harvest Season in Palestine: less land to harvest, less olive to pluck, Deir Jarir & Silwad: Two Palestinian villages Hammered by the Israeli Occupation, ASSESSING THE IMPACTS OF ISRAELI MOVEMENT RESTRICTIONS ON THE MOBILITY OF PEOPLE AND GOODS IN THE WEST BANK 2019, Only Proper Disengagement is the Guarantee of Peace, Increasing Attacks in Jerusalem during the month of October 2011, Saplings and reservoirs are threatened with destruction under the pretext of preserving archaeology, بذريعة أنها منطقة أثرية .. الاحتلال يخطر بإزالة غراس وخزانات للمياه في بلدة الزاوية / محافظة سلفيت, الاحتلال يهدم منشأة صناعية في واد قبون شمال الخليل, Israel to lead expansion in five settlements in the oPt, The Israeli occupation attempts at Judaizing the Tulkarm archeological site of Deir Samara, Al-Khas and Al Nu’man villages suffocated by the Israeli colonization. Article 2. Q & A on Israel’s Use of White Phosphorus in Gaza Since the beginning of Israel’s ground offensive in Gaza on January 3, 2009, there have been numerous media reports about the … White phosphorus is a pyrophoric material, that is, it is spontaneously flammable). Hamza Abu Eltarabesh Gaza Strip 16 February 2016. While initially denying use of it as an incendiary device against targetted personnel, the US Pentagon spokesman later admitted to the BBC such use in Fallujah (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4440664.stm). White phosphorus munitions did not kill the most civilians in Gaza – many more died from missiles, bombs, heavy artillery, tank shells, and small arms fire – but their use in densely populated neighborhoods, including downtown Gaza City, violated international humanitarian law (the laws of war), which requires taking all feasible precautions to avoid civilian harm and prohibits indiscriminate attacks. During these aggressive wars, the Israeli military used a number of American-made forbidden weapons: White Phosphorus, GBU-39 Shells, DIME bombs, Flechette Shells, Vacuum bombs, and […] Ghada Abu Halima, 21, who was gravely injured by IDF white phosphorus in Gaza. -- Israel is using white-phosphorus, a chemical that burns away human flesh to the bone, in shelling the densely-populated Gaza Strip, in a violation of international humanitarian laws, a leading international rights group said. The acute effects of single exposures to white phosphorus smoke in rats and guinea pigs. We fired ‘shake and bake’ missions at the insurgents, using WP to flush them out and HE to take them out.' (TF 2-2 IN FSE AAR: Indirect Fires in the Battle of Fallujah, By Captain James T. Cobb, First Lieutenant Christopher A. LaCour and Sergeant First Class William H. Hight, Field Artillery, March-April 2005, pp. 1971. Such heat is produced by this reaction that the element bursts into a yellow flame and produces a dense white smoke. Phosphorus is a poisonous substance, white-yellowish, similar to wax, that is used in mortar shells and hand grenades. (Text from http://www.ccwtreaty.com/KeyDocs/ccwtreatytext.htm, Around 200 of these shells were fired in the northern Gaza Strip … Initially the US forces claimed that they used WP just 'to illuminate enemy positions at night, not [directed] at enemy fighters' but and sent mixed signals about whether it considers it an incendiary devise or not and whether insurgents are targeted by the devise or it is merely used as a spectacular light and smoke devise (http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2005/November/20051201140216mvyelwarc0.787594.html ). The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of ARIJ & LRC and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. On Tuesday a mortar shell fired from. White phosphorous is like napalm: one resident of Gaza described his daughter literally melting before his eyes when she was hit by the stuff during Israeli attacks. The Israeli strike on the warehouses in the main UN compound in Gaza City last Thursday was also believed to be the result of three white phosphorus shells. Human Rights Watch said the Israeli military often used the weapon even in areas where there were no Israeli troops on the ground, which it said, "strongly suggests that the IDF [Israel Defence Forces] was not using the munition for its obscurant qualities but rather for its incendiary effect". However, its use is regulated even by customary international law. The Israeli army has insisted white phosphorus shells were only used to provide smoke screens for their advancing ground troops. For its use alone Israeli higher ups should have been in the dock at the Hague. Pictures show alleged Israeli use of white phosphorus munitions on a UN compound. 1987. The warehouse was hit, causing at least $10m of damage, and it continued to burn for 12 days. When I knocked it off her, it exploded and out came this heavy white smoke with a very bad smell.' http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/asection/la-fg-phosphorus12-2009jan12,0,2138761.story. Parts Protocol III relevantb to use of WP in Gaza include these: Article 1: 'Incendiary weapon' means any weapon or munition which is primarily designed to set fire to objects or to cause burn injury to persons through the action of flame, heat, or combination thereof, produced by a chemical reaction of a substance delivered on the target. Gaza phosphorus casualties relive Israel's three-week war Special Report: Tim Butcher in Gaza City argues why the true story about Israel's use of phosphorus shells may never emerge. A warehouse in a U.N. compound in Gaza that came under Israeli fire on Thursday was apparently hit by white-phosphorus shells, U.N. humanitarian affairs chief John Holmes said. We used it for screening missions at two breeches and, later in the fight, as a potent psychological weapon against the insurgents in trench lines and spider holes when we could not get effects on them with HE (High Explosive) Rounds. Ann Surg 174:779-784.; Eldad A. Simon GA. 1991. He said senior commanders should be held to account. Donetsk People's Republic. (http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp103-c2.pdf). WP substance is now known to cause what is known as phossy jaws (a degenerative condition affecting the soft tissue, bones, and teeth of the oral cavity) which has resulted in deaths due to secondary septicemias (Ward EF. US-made weapons prevent Gaza man from seeing his son. This mixture was known as \"Fenian fire\" and allegedly was used by disgruntled itinerant workers in Australia to cause delayed destru… © 2019 Copyright ARIJ. level 2 CiD7707 White phosphorus is believed to have been first used by Fenian arsonists in the 19th century in the form of a solution in carbon disulfide. David Cronin 4 February 2015 Israel has insisted that its use of white phosphorus in the conflict was permitted under international law and that it sought to avoid unnecessary civilian deaths in Gaza. The weapon is not illegal itself and can be used to provide a smokescreen on the battlefield or as an incendiary weapon against a military target. [1] Human Rights Watch also reported the same case. Phosphorus al… White phosphorus is a material made from a common allotrope of the chemical element phosphorus that is used in smoke, tracer, illumination and incendiary munitions. White phosphorus burns in contact with oxygen and causes deep burns when it touches human skin, sometimes reaching to the bone. Shouldn't it be band or designated as a chemical weapon as to avoid the use of this in war. White phosphorus smoke: Its irritating concentration for man and its toxicity for small animals for one-hour exposures. These is obviously more common in combat use of large amounts in shells as compared to usual spills or pollution from industrial production WP chunks may be shielded from oxygen (hence burning) either by falling into water that has little oxygen content or simply as pieces of solids that can linger in the environment for years without reacting or as intermediary combustion products (partial combustion) especially in soils or environments with limited oxygen content. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4440664.stm, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-forces-used-chemical-weapon-in-iraq-515551.html, http://www.rainews24.rai.it/ran24/inchiesta/en/video.asp, http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp103-c2.pdf, http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/asection/la-fg-phosphorus12-2009jan12,0,2138761.story, http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/01/10/israel-stop-unlawful-use-white-phosphorus-gaza. It is highly reactive with oxygen (ignites spontaneously upon drying and exposure to air) producing compounds like P4O6 (phosphorus pentoxide) and P4O10 which upon contact with water becomes oxophosphoric acids (aslternatively direct reaction with water can lead to phosphoric acid HPO4 through some intermediate compounds). Specially in … Israel has admitted for the first time to “using munitions containing white phosphorus” during its offensive on the Gaza Strip in December 2008 … Israel's military fired white phosphorus over crowded areas of Gaza repeatedly and indiscriminately in its three-week war, killing and injuring civilians and committing war crimes, Human Rights Watch said today. WP was used to 'flush' insurgents out to kill them using other munitions: 'WP proved to be an effective and versatile munition. It’s full to the brim with solid white phosphorus. Human rights groups say Israel is indiscriminately using white phosphorus in Gaza's densely populated areas. Julia Gillard, the Acting Prime Minister, angered Palestinian supporters over her refusal to condemn Israel's bombing campaign in which white phosphorus was used. One white phosphorous shell hit the house directly, killing a father and four of his children. It is usually dispersed by explosive munitions. According to the CWC it is legal if it is used to produced obscuring smoke but this prohibition of the … We concluded that in Gaza, white phosphorus was likely used to harass and terrorise citizens in order to clear neighbourhoods, rather than as a ‘smoke screen’, as the Israeli military had claimed. 1928. It killed two brothers in a classroom and severely injured their mother and cousin. How a war criminal can veto aid to Gaza . White phosphorus is believed to have been first used by Fenian arsonists in the 19th century in the form of a solution in carbon disulfide. This website has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. These properties have give it both civilian and military uses. Missiles containing white phosphorus were deployed. The group said it found no evidence that Hamas fighters used Palestinian civilians as human shields - a key Israeli claim - in the area at the time of the attacks it researched. UN pictures show what appears to white phosphorus 'wedges' raining down on one of its compounds in Gaza 23 Jan 2009 Burns should be covered with moist saline-soaked dressing to prevent inflammation. In one case, witnesses described how a white phosphorus shell hit a car in Tel al-Hawa, in south-eastern Gaza City, killing a bank manager, his wife and two of their children on 15 January. Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, Washington.). White Phosphorus and its use in Gaza Press TV Images of WP use in Gaza White Phosphorus (P4) is a waxy fat soluble colorless or slightly yellow solid with a garlic smell that is not naturally occurring but is produced in the laboratory. White phosphorus has, however, been used as a weapon against civilians during this conflict... by HAMAS. Gaza into Israel contained white phosphorus WP use is legal for purposes such as illumination and obscuring smoke, and the Chemical Weapons Convention does not list WP in its schedules of chemical weapons. "It fired white phosphorus repeatedly over densely populated areas, even when its troops weren't in the area and safe smoke shells were available. Israel using white phosphorus in Gaza. Read more about US-made weapons prevent Gaza man from seeing his son . 'I went to put it out, but another one landed on Mayar, my baby daughter. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton greets employees as she arrives for her first day at the State Department in Washington, January 22, 2009. The 71-pages-long Human Rights Watch (HRW) report, entitled “Rain of Fire: Israel’s Unlawful Use of White Phosphorous in Gaza,” states that even before the group’s researchers were able to enter Gaza, they had watched from adjacent perimeter areas in Israel as white phosphorus bombs exploded in the air over densely-packed residential areas in the Gaza Strip. White Phosphorus Use in Gaza White phosphorus is a chemical substance dispersed in artillery shells, bombs, rockets, or mortars, used primarily … “Israel is using phosphorus illegally in Gaza Strip bombings,” B’Tselem, January 12, 2009, strip/20090112_use_of_white_phosphorus. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/wp.htm). Human Rights Watch called on the UN secretary-general, Ban Ki-moon, to launch an international commission of inquiry to investigate allegations of violations of international law in the Gaza war by the Israeli military and Hamas, the Palestinian Islamist movement that controls Gaza. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton greets employees as she arrives for her first day at the State Department in Washington, January 22, 2009. 1970. (b) Where the High Contracting Party is not a party to Additional Protocol 1 and an authority of the type referred to in subparagraph (a) above accepts and applies the obligations of the Geneva Conventions and of this Convention and the relevant annexed Protocols in relation to that conflict. Later it announced an internal inquiry, led by a colonel, would be held. On Tuesday 13 January Israeli forces attacked Khoza’a, a small rural community east of Khan Yunis in the south of the Gaza Strip. Patients who survive for more than a week usually exhibit significant changes in fat and protein metabolism (including fatty degeneration) and severe jaundice (Blanke RV. Cobalah menonton video ini di www.youtube.com, atau aktifkan JavaScript jika dinonaktifkan pada browser Anda. The Israeli Government denies accusations of using white phosphorus but what is our proof that they are certainly not using this or if they are, it does not violate the Chemical Weapons Convention? • In one case, Israel even ignored repeated warnings from UN staff before hitting the main UN compound in Gaza with white phosphorus shells on 15 January. In the period 2008-2014, Zionist settler colonialists launched three aggressive wars against the Palestinians of the Gaza Strip: (1) Dec 2008-Jan 2009, (2) 14 Nov 2012, and (3) July-August 2014. Fundamentals of clinical chemistry. One teenage girl, Jamila Al-Habash, had both of her legs amputated and an interview with Dr. Raed Al-'Areeny from Al-Shaifa Hospital explained the need for amutation because of the WP adherence to and reaction with soft tissues penetrating even to the bones. Most of the Israeli military's white phosphorus in Gaza was fired in 155mm artillery shells, each containing 116 wedges soaked with the chemical. Gaza was then pummeled for 22 days, its people visited with F-16s, drones, Hellfire missiles, artillery, and viciously incendiary white phosphorus shells. Other shells were photographed during the war with markings showing they were made in the Pine Bluff Arsenal, also in America, in 1991. no evidence the Jewish state was intentionally using phosphorus in a. questionable way, such as burning down buildings or consciously putting civilians at risk. Israel denied using WP at first, but admitted to using it in Gaza under media pressure. Philadelphia: W.B. Video: White phosphorus over Gaza. The rights group studied six cases in detail in which 12 civilians were killed and dozens more were injured. Saved by Such an acceptance and application shall have in relation to that conflict the following effects: (i) The Geneva Conventions and this Convention and its relevant annexed Protocols are brought into force for the parties to the conflict with immediate effect; (ii) The said authority assumes the same rights and obligations as those which have been assumed by a High Contracting Party to the Geneva Conven-tions, this Convention and its relevant annexed Protocols; and. The Israeli military has defended its conduct in Gaza in the face of mounting allegations of serious violations of international law and said its soldiers did not intentionally target civilians. 'WP proved to be an effective and versatile munition. Photograph: Mohammed Abed/AFP. White Phosphorus (P4) is a waxy fat soluble colorless or slightly yellow solid with a garlic smell that is not naturally occurring but is produced in the laboratory. When exposed to air, it spontaneously ignites and is oxidized rapidly to phosphorus pentoxide. The hospital, attacked on January 12th with a chemical bomb that may well be white phosphorus and which set fire to the roof, and whose 4 different buildings were shelled intensely on January… Read More the white phosphorous bombed and machine-gunned Wafa rehabilitation hospital. 23-28).While initially denying use of it as an incendiary device against targetted personnel, the US Pentagon spokesman later admitted to the BBC such use in Fallujah (). That same year, Israeli forces launched artillery shells containing white phosphorus in the northern part of the besieged Gaza Strip during the 2009 war with Hamas. Egypt pushes Gaza … In a 71-page report, the rights group said the repeated use of air-burst white phosphorus artillery shells in populated areas of Gaza was not incidental or accidental, but revealed "a pattern or policy of conduct". When WP burns in the air in conditions of high oxygen, it generates smoke with an average aerosol mass concentration between 2,500 and 3,000 mg/m3, with the major components being polyphosphates, phosphine, and elemental phosphorus (Van Voris P, Cataldo DA, Ligotke MW, et al. Human Rights Watch found 24 spent white phosphorus shells in Gaza, all from the same batch made in a US ammunition factory in 1989 by Thiokol Aerospace. Evaluate and characterize mechanisms controlling transport, fate and effects of Army smokes in the aersol wind tunnel. Shouldn't it be band or designated as a chemical weapon as to avoid the use of this in war. Toxicology. (see documentary http://www.rainews24.rai.it/ran24/inchiesta/en/video.asp ) ). Calls for an international war crimes investigation in Gaza are getting louder, especially over the issue of white phosphorus (WP) shells. http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2005/November/20051201140216mvyelwarc0.787594.html ). 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