how long did the second punic war last

After seventeen years of warfare, and at a great loss of life on both sides, Rome defeated Cárthage and came out on top as the new superpower … Henceforth it was clear that Carthage was politically subordinate to Rome. [136], In 205 BC, Mago landed in Genua in north-west Italy with the remnants of his Spanish army (see § Iberia below). [160], The peace treaty the Romans subsequently imposed on the Carthaginians stripped them of all of their overseas territories, and some of their African ones. The Carthaginians were led by Hannibal, one of the most gifte… The Battle of Zama was Hannibal’s only major loss during the entire war — but it proved to be the decisive battle the Romans needed to bring the Second Punic War (Second Carthaginian War) to a close. [141], The Roman fleet continued on from Massala in the autumn of 218 BC, landing the army it was transporting in north-east Iberia, where it won support among the local tribes. This new Carthaginian invasion was defeated at the Battle of the Metaurus. These included the large city of Capua and the major port city of Tarentum (modern Taranto). [68] There were three main military theatres in the war: Italy, where Hannibal defeated the Roman legions repeatedly, with occasional subsidiary campaigns in Sicily, Sardinia and Greece; Iberia, where Hasdrubal, a younger brother of Hannibal, defended the Carthaginian colonial cities with mixed success until moving into Italy; and Africa, where the war was decided. [72] In Cisalpine Gaul (modern northern Italy), the major Gallic tribes attacked the Roman colonies there, causing the Romans to flee to their previously-established colony of Mutina (modern Modena), where they were besieged. First Punic War 264 to 241 BCE Second Punic War 214 to 201 BCE. Second Punic War, also called Second Carthaginian War, second (218–201 bce) in a series of wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire that resulted in Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. The Roman Senate authorized the raising of double-sized armies by Varro and Paullus, a force of 86,000 men, the largest in Roman history up to that point. Hannibal and Second Punic War General . [55] Under the leadership of Hamilcar Barca, Carthage defeated the rebels in 237 BC. [55][56], With the suppression of the rebellion, Hamilcar understood that Carthage needed to strengthen its economic and military base if it were to again confront Rome. Before the First Punic War, there was essentially … spain. The remaining Carthaginian-controlled towns then surrendered or were taken through force or treachery[126][127] and the Sicilian grain supply to Rome and its armies was resumed. [91], The prisoners were badly treated if they were Romans; the Latin allies who were captured were well treated by the Carthaginians and many were freed and sent back to their cities, in the hope that they would speak well of Carthaginian martial prowess and of their treatment. The Start of the Second Punic War 218 BC. The Third Punic War (149-146 BC) Rome was victorious after the Second Punic War. During the long mainland campaign, fighting had continued as well on Sardinia and Sicily, which had become Rome’s chief sources of food. After the Carthaginians failed to resupply the city, Syracuse fell in the autumn of 212 BC; Archimedes was killed by a Roman soldier. The Second Punic War broke out in B.C. [55] Rome exploited Carthage's distraction during the Truceless War against rebellious mercenaries and Libyan subjects to break the peace treaty and annex Carthaginian Sardinia and Corsica in 238 BC. [97][98] Fabius was not popular among the soldiers, the Roman public or the Roman elite, since he avoided battle while Italy was being devastated by the enemy and his tactics would not lead to a quick end to the war. [34] Slingers were frequently recruited from the Balearic Islands. Nevertheless, Carthage recovered fr… His aim was to join his forces with those of Hannibal, but Hannibal was unaware of his presence. [128], Fabius was able to overrun the Carthaginian ally Arpi in 213 BC. These elephants were typically about 2.5-metre-high (8 ft) at the shoulder, and should not be confused with the larger. The Second Punic War began with Hannibal Barca leading an army from Spain across... See full answer below. Meanwhile, in Spain, Roman forces maintained pressure on Carthaginian strongholds. Many senior Carthaginians wanted to reject it, but Hannibal spoke strongly in its favour and it was accepted in spring 201 BC. [103], Little has survived of Polybius's account of Hannibal's army in Italy after Cannae. The Second Punic War Ends (202-201 BC) In 202 BC, after the Battle of Zama, Hannibal met Scipio in a … Mago left Iberia for northern Italy with his remaining forces. The Second Punic War (aka The Hannibalic War) was fought between Carthage and Rome between 218 and 201 BCE. [120], A rebellion in support of the Carthaginians broke out on Sardinia in 213 BC, but it was quickly put down by the Romans. The Carthaginian formation collapsed; Hannibal was one of the few to escape the field. A fresh Roman army attacked the main Carthaginian stronghold on the island, Agrigentum, in 210 BC and the city was betrayed to the Romans by a discontented Carthaginian officer. These wars took place between 264 and 146 BC. Hannibal destroys the Roman army at Cannae in the … It entered Gaul and took an inland route, to avoid the Roman allies to the south. [152] Later the same year a mutiny broke out among Roman troops, which initially attracted support from Iberian leaders, disappointed that Roman forces had remained in the peninsula after the expulsion of the Carthaginians, but it was effectively put down by Scipio. [83] The combined Roman force under the command of Sempronius was lured into combat by Hannibal on ground of his choosing at the Battle of the Trebia. At the Battle of Ilipa in 206 Scipio permanently ended the Carthaginian presence in Iberia. The first two wars were long—23 years and 17 years, separated by an interval of 23 years. They fir… This was a long war, beginning in 264 BC and not ending until 241 BC. [159] Hannibal attempted to use 80 elephants to break into the Roman infantry formation, but the Romans countered them effectively and they routed back through the Carthaginian ranks. But this calmed once Sempronius arrived, to preside over the consular elections in the usual manner. Scipio then invaded Carthaginian Africa in 204, compelling the Carthaginian Senate to recall Hannibal's army from Italy. [172] The formerly Carthaginian territories became the Roman province of Africa. The close order Libyan infantry and the citizen-militia would fight in a tightly packed formation known as a phalanx. It was prohibited from waging war outside Africa, and in Africa only with Rome's express permission. [168] The Third Punic War began later in 149 BC when a large Roman army landed in North Africa[169] and besieged Carthage. [143], In 210 BC Publius Cornelius Scipio,[note 6] arrived in Iberia with further Roman reinforcements. However, by the end of the second century, large numbers of slaves were pouring into Rome, either as prisoners of war or purchased abroad by the new wealthy class of Romans who now employed large staffs of domestic servants or invested as … [111] When the port city of Locri defected to Carthage in the summer of 215 BC it was immediately used to reinforce the Carthaginian forces in Italy with soldiers, supplies and war elephants. In 217 Hannibal, reinforced by Gallic tribesmen, marched south. By 214 BC, Mago and Hasdrubal had levied new forces and decided to strike first. In 215 Hasdrubal eventually acted and besieged a pro-Roman town and offered battle at Dertosa. [59] Hamilcar took the army which he had led to victory in the Mercenary War to Iberia in 237 BC and carved out a quasi-monarchial, autonomous state in southern and eastern Iberia. South of the river Ebro, Sagunto was only sea town (it was Hellenized Iberian city), which did not obeyed to Carthaginians, but it entered into an alliance with Rome. Mago marched his reinforced army towards the lands of Carthage's main Gallic allies in the Po Valley, but was checked by a large Roman army and defeated at the Battle of Insubria in 203 BC. In which battles did Hannibal surpass the Romans in military flair, strategy, and daring? [160] Unlike most battles of the Second Punic War, the Romans had superiority in cavalry and the Carthaginians in infantry. The Second Punic War 218 -202 BC. [18] Modern historians usually take into account the writings of various Roman annalists, some contemporary; the Greek Diodorus Siculus; and the later Roman historians, Plutarch, Appian and Dio Cassius. [29][30] Both Iberia and Gaul provided large numbers of experienced infantry – unarmoured troops who would charge ferociously, but had a reputation for breaking off if a combat was protracted[31][32] – and unarmoured close order cavalry[33] referred to by Livy as "steady", meaning that they were accustomed to sustained hand-to-hand combat rather than hit and run tactics. [101] Hasdrubal led the Carthaginian cavalry on the left wing and routed the Roman cavalry opposite, then swept around the rear of the Romans to attack their cavalry on the other wing. [104][105] However, the majority of Rome's allies remained loyal, including many in southern Italy. [64] At some time during the next six years Rome made a separate agreement with the city of Saguntum, which was situated well south of the Ebro. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Outcomes from the Second Punic War The second Púnic war (herein after referred to as, “the War”) came to a close in 201 BCE, following Scípio’s victory over Hánnibal at the battle of Záma. [173][174] It was a century before the site of Carthage was rebuilt as a Roman city. In 209 BC the new Roman commander Publius Scipio captured Carthago Nova, the main Carthaginian base in the peninsula. Advancing into the territory of some of Rome's new Spanish allies near Acra Leuce they defeated the local tribal forces. Observing that the three Carthaginian armies were deployed apart from each other, the Romans split their forces. [48] By 264 BC, Carthage was the dominant external power on the island, and Carthage and Rome were the preeminent powers in the western Mediterranean. Hostages were taken. Second Punic War, second (218–201 bce) in a series of wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire that resulted in Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. And they were on separate land masses, which made it harder to be decisive. Approximately 1,200 of the infantry, poorer or younger men unable to afford the armour and equipment of a standard legionary, served as javelin-armed skirmishers, known as velites. Objective of the conflict: To expand the Carthaginian Empire through the Iberian Peninsula to Rome. 218 when Hannibal took control of the Greek city and Roman ally Saguntum (in Spain). From here, they established a trade network across the Mediterranean. [88] Hannibal attempted without success to draw the main Roman army under Gaius Flaminius into a pitched battle by devastating the area they had been sent to protect. Quintus Fabius Maximus was elected dictator by the Roman Assembly and adopted the "Fabian strategy" of avoiding pitched battles, relying instead on low-level harassment to wear the invader down, until Rome could rebuild its military strength. The Second Punic War. It began in 218 B.C., and continued through 201 B.C. Wars of the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Punic_War&oldid=992384973, Short description is different from Wikidata, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 5 December 2020, at 00:13. Eventually, however, under the leadership of Hamilcar Barca, his son Hannibal, and his son-in-law Hasdrubal, Carthage acquired a new base in Spain, whence they could renew the war against Rome. Hannibal was left largely free to ravage Apulia for the next year. 218 to 201 BC. In 211 BC, Hannibal sent a force of Numidian cavalry to Sicily, which was led by the skilled Liby-Phoenician officer Mottones, who inflicted heavy losses on the Roman army through hit-and-run attacks. The First Punic War was … [53] In 264 BC Carthage and Rome went to war, starting the First Punic War. Scipio was not able to prevent Hasdrubal from leading his depleted army over the western passes of the Pyrenees into Gaul. Thus, the two armies remained deadlocked on the Italian peninsula until 211 bce, when Rome recaptured the city of Capua. [133], In 210 the Carthaginians caught the Romans off guard during their siege of Herdonia and lifted the siege after a pitched battle in which the Romans lost 13,000 men from their army of 20,000. That year, Hannibal surprised the Romans by marching his army overland from Iberia, through Gaul and over the Alps to Cisalpine Gaul (modern northern Italy). [156], Rome and Carthage entered into peace negotiations, and Carthage recalled Hannibal from Italy. [143] Hasdrubal now had no chance of reinforcing Hannibal in Italy. [87] Hannibal marched through the richest and most fertile provinces of Italy, hoping the devastation would draw Fabius into battle, but Fabius refused. [122][123] Both Polybius' and Livy's accounts of the siege focus on Archimedes' invention of war machines to counteract Roman siege warfare, made more difficult by the strong defenses of the city. In most circumstances Carthage recruited foreigners to make up its army. Before the Second Punic War slaves were employed on a relatively small scale. [124], A large Carthaginian army led by Himilco was sent to relieve the city in 213 BC. If either commander felt at a disadvantage, they might might march off without engaging. Timeline Of The Punic Wars. Carthage was prohibited from waging war outside Africa, and in Africa only with Rome's express permission. He won several battles but still refrained from attacking the city of Rome, even after annihilating a huge Roman army at Cannae in 216. [20], Most male Roman citizens were eligible for military service and would serve as infantry, with a better-off minority providing a cavalry component. [131][132] Despite these losses, the Romans besieged Capua, the Carthaginians' key ally in Italy. [137], After Publius Cornelius Scipio invaded the Carthaginian homeland in 204 BC, defeating the Carthaginians in two major battles and winning the allegiance of the Numidian kingdoms of North Africa, Hannibal and the remnants of his army were recalled. The account of the Roman historian Livy, who relied heavily on Polybius, is much used by modern historians where Polybius's account is not extant. This meant the loss of Carthaginian Sicily to Rome under the terms of the Roman-dictated Treaty of Lutatius. Second Punic War (218-201 BC) In 219 BC, Hannibal laid siege to Saguntum, a coastal city in northeast Hispania that enjoyed a long-standing treaty of friendship with Rome.In 226 BC, however, Hasdrubal the Fair signed a treaty with Rome that acknowledged Carthage's control of Hispania south of the Ebro River. The Romans' lodgement between the Ebro and Pyrenees was now secure and it blocked the route from Iberia to Italy, preventing the despatch of reinforcements from Iberia to Hannibal. [135], In 205 BC Publius Scipio was given command of the legions in Sicily and allowed to enrol volunteers for his plan to end the war by an invasion of Africa. Rome demanded his withdrawal, but Carthage refused to recall him, and Rome declared war. However, in the war, they lost several army men and elephants. [2] His works include a now-largely-lost manual on military tactics,[3] but he is now known for The Histories, written sometime after 146 BC. Without the expected reinforcement the Carthaginians were compelled to evacuate allied towns in Italy and withdraw to Bruttium. [101] As a result, the Roman infantry was surrounded with no means of escape. Romans Lose at Drepana ... Hannibal was one of the greatest military leaders in history. The heavily outnumbered Carthaginian infantry held out while this was happening until Hasdrubal charged into the legions from behind. The Second Punic War lasted for 17 years between 218 and 201 BC. [58] After the First Punic War, Carthaginian possessions in Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal) were limited to a handful of prosperous coastal cities in the south. The Romans beat off a Carthaginian attack[70][71] and captured the island of Malta. It seemed as though the superiority of the Romans at sea would enable them to choose the field of battle....…, During the decades between the wars, the Carthaginians had been busy building up an empire in Spain which...…. [78] The Carthaginians reached the foot of the Alps by late autumn[75] and crossed them, surmounting the difficulties of climate, terrain[75] and the guerrilla tactics of the native tribes. [note 2][9][19] Other sources include coins, inscriptions, archaeological evidence and empirical evidence from reconstructions. In 207 Hasdrubal, following Hannibal’s route across the Alps, reached northern Italy with another large army supported by legions of Ligurians and Gauls. The Second Punic War Begins. Most of the conflict took place on the island of Sicily, or in the waters surrounding Sicily. In the years after the First Punic War, Rome wrested Corsica and Sardinia from Carthage and forced Carthaginians to pay an even greater indemnity than the payment exacted immediately following the war. The Second Punic War (218–201 BC) was the second of three wars fought between Carthage and Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC. [81], The Carthaginians captured the chief city of the hostile Taurini (in the area of modern Turin) and their army routed the cavalry and light infantry of the Romans at the Battle of Ticinus in late November. For the next decade the war in southern Italy continued, with Roman armies slowly recapturing most of the Italian cities that had joined Carthage. Rome had emerged the victors in the Fi… A Roman relief army broke through the siege, … Scipio was awarded a triumph and received the agnomen "Africanus". The warrior is armed with a, 2nd century BC marble bust, identified as the younger Scipio, now in the. An indemnity of 10,000 silver talents[note 7] was to be paid over 50 years. A Roman relief army broke through the siege, but was then ambushed and besieged itself. Also the invention of the corvus, a long battle bridge used to board enemy ships. What connects the First and Second Punic Wars is Hamilcar Barca, a general that lead the reconquer of the Spanish Carthaginian territory. [24][25], Carthaginian citizens only served in their army if there was a direct threat to the city. Aided by internal upheaval in Syracuse, Carthage reestablished its presence on the island in 215 and maintained it until 210. [30][40] More formal battles were usually preceded by the two armies camping one to seven miles (2–12 km) apart for days or weeks; sometimes forming up in battle order each day. [47] During this period of Roman expansion, Carthage, with its capital in what is now Tunisia, had come to dominate southern Spain, much of the coastal regions of North Africa, the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia, and the western half of Sicily. [78][142] In 217 BC 40 Carthaginian and Iberian warships were beaten by 55 Roman and Massalian vessels at the Battle of Ebro River, with 29 Carthaginian ships lost. [135], In the spring of 207 BC, Hasdrubal Barca marched across the Alps and invaded Italy with an army of 30,000 men. [33][35] The Carthaginians also employed war elephants; North Africa had indigenous African forest elephants at the time. After his Spanish victory Scipio determined to invade the Carthaginian homeland. As Syracuse and Macedonia joined the Carthaginian side after Cannae, the conflict spread. How long did the Second Punic War last? The war saw land battles in Sicily early on, but focus soon shifted to naval battles around Sicily and Africa. Both wars ended with Roman victories; the Second when the Roman general Scipio Africanus defeated Hannibal , the premier Carthaginian general of the war, at the Battle of Zama , 160 … In 211 BC Hannibal attempted to lure the Romans into a pitched battle, but was unsuccessful; and was also unable to lift the siege by assaulting the besiegers' defences. who was the commander of carthrage in the second punic war? However, only part of the besieging force left for Rome and Capua fell soon afterwards. What did Hannibal do in the spring of 218 BC? [142], Hasdrubal received orders from Carthage to move into Italy and join up with Hannibal in order to put pressure on the Romans in their homeland. By 214 BC the bulk of southern Italy had turned against Rome. [17][14], Other, later, ancient histories of the war exist, although often in fragmentary or summary form. Carthage and Rome had fought the 23-year-long First Punic War from 264 to 241 BC and the 17-year-long Second Punic War between 218 and 201 BC. [157] The Roman Senate ratified a draft treaty, but due to mistrust and a surge in confidence when Hannibal arrived from Italy Carthage repudiated it. Updates? Now Rome had a problem, for the first time in its history, soldiers had been away to war for a long … [78][143] The Roman general Claudius Nero brought over reinforcements in 210 BC and stabilised the situation. [15][17][16], Several of the city states in southern Italy allied themselves with Hannibal, or were captured when pro-Carthaginian factions betrayed their defences. [4][5] Polybius's work is considered broadly objective and largely neutral as between Carthaginian and Roman points of view. [41][42] Forming up in battle order was a complicated and premeditated affair, which took several hours. In such circumstances it was difficult to force a battle if the other commander was unwilling to fight. [82] As a result, most of the Gallic tribes declared for the Carthaginian cause, and Hannibal's army grew to more than 40,000 men. [30][44], Both states possessed large fleets throughout the war, but there were no large-scale naval clashes and Carthage never attempted to use its fleet decisively, effectively giving the Romans naval superiority for the course of the war. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. [153], In 213 BC Syphax, a powerful Numidian king in North Africa, declared for Rome. Mago's arrival in the north of the Italian peninsula was followed by Hannibal's inconclusive Battle of Crotona in 204 BC in the far south of the peninsula. The Punic Wars refers to a series of war that took place between Carthage and the mighty Romans. This battle confirmed Roman dominance in Italy. The combined Roman force attacked Hasdrubal at the Battle of the Metaurus and destroyed his army, killing Hasdrubal. In 219 B.C., Hannibal, a Carthaginian general, started the Second Punic war by attacking the city of Saguntum (Sagunto, Spain), an ally of the Roman Republic. However, the Romans broke through the thinned-out center of the Carthaginian line and then defeated each wing separately, inflicting severe losses, and taking heavy losses themselves. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [143] In 206 BC the Carthaginians ended this drain on their resources by dividing several Numidian kingdoms with him. Both battles ended in complete defeat for the Romans, as Hasdrubal had bribed the Romans' mercenaries to desert. In 211 BC, Rome contained the threat of Macedonia by allying with the Aetolian League, an anti-Macedonian coalition of Greek city states. Macedonia, Syracuse and several Numidian kingdoms were drawn into the fighting; and Iberian and Gallic forces fought on both sides. The Punic Wars were a series of conflicts fought by the powerful cities of Carthage and Rome between 264 BC and 146 BC. Many senior Carthaginians wanted to reject it, but Hannibal spoke strongly in its favour and it was accepted in spring 201 BC. [134] This battle enabled another Roman army to approach Tarentum and capture it by treachery in the second Battle of Tarentum. 16 years. It started 52 years after the end of the second war. An army was usually formed by combining a Roman legion with a similarly sized and equipped legion provided by their Latin allies; these legions usually had a larger attached complement of cavalry than Roman ones. 10,000 talents was approximately 269,000 kg (265 long tons) of silver. [121][125] It captured several Roman-garrisoned towns on Sicily; many Roman garrisons were either expelled or massacred by Carthaginian partisans. [112][114], Meanwhile the Romans took drastic steps to raise new legions: enrolling slaves, criminals and those who did not meet the usual property qualification. He released the captured population and liberated the Iberian hostages held there by the Carthaginians, in an attempt to ensure the loyalty of their tribes;[147][149] although many of them were subsequently to fight against the Romans. [65], In 219 BC a Carthaginian army under Hannibal besieged, captured and sacked Saguntum[66][67] and in spring 218 BC Rome declared war on Carthage. [83], When news of the defeat reached Rome it initially caused panic. [158] Hannibal was placed in command of another army, formed from his veterans from Italy and newly raised troops from Africa, but with few cavalry. [43] Many battles were decided when one side's infantry force was attacked in the flank or rear and they were partially or wholly enveloped. The campaign ended in disaster at the Battle of Oroscopa[167] and anti-Carthaginian factions in Rome used the illicit military action as a pretext to prepare a punitive expedition. Hannibal accepted battle on the open plain between the armies in the Battle of Cannae. What were the wars fought in Rome and Carthage? [76] A Roman fleet carrying the Iberian-bound army landed at Rome's ally Massalia (modern Marseille) at the mouth of the Rhone,[77] but Hannibal evaded the Romans and they continued to Iberia. [175][176], Second war between Rome and Carthage, 218 to 201 BC. [154] After landing in Africa in 204 BC, he was joined by Masinissa and a force of Numidian cavalry. [85] The consuls-elect recruited further legions, both Roman and from Rome's Latin allies; reinforced Sardinia and Sicily against the possibility of Carthaginian raids or invasion; placed garrisons at Tarentum and other places for similar reasons; built a fleet of 60 quinqueremes; and established supply depots at Ariminum and Arretium in preparation for marching north later in the year. In the Second Punic War, various Roman commanders faced Hannibal, leader of the forces of Carthaginians, their allies, and mercenaries.Four major Roman commanders made a name for themselves in the following main battles of the second Punic War. At the end of the First Punic War in 241 BC, Carthage was besieged by its own army of mercenaries, whom they could no longer afford to pay due to the long war and large indemnity paid to the Romans. [121], Sicily remained firmly in Roman hands, blocking the ready seaborne reinforcement and resupply of Hannibal from Carthage. In response, Roman advisers were sent to train his soldiers and he waged war against the Carthaginian ally Gala. [101] At least 67,500 Romans were killed or captured. The First Punic War began in 264 BCE, when Rome and Carthage became interested in using settlements within Sicily to solve their own internal conflicts. A cavalry force of 4,000 from the other Roman army was also engaged and wiped out. Carthage had been reduced to a small area in North Africa, while Rome expanded by taking more Carthaginian territory, especially in Iberia (Spain). [163] Henceforth it was clear that Carthage was politically subordinate to Rome. [100], Paullus and Varro marched southward to confront Hannibal, and encamped 10 km (6 mi) away. In 208 BC Scipio defeated Hasdrubal, although Hasdrubal was able to withdraw most of his troops into Gaul and then northern Italy in spring 207 BC. The third war lasted nearly three years. The Romans retreated to their coastal stronghold north of the Ebro, from which the Carthaginians again failed to expel them. The period is usually split into three distinct wars – the First Punic War was fought from 264–241 BC, the Second Punic War from 218–201 BC and the Third Punic War from 149–146 BC. They were divided into three ranks, of which the front rank also carried two javelins, while the second and third ranks had a thrusting spear instead. It soon received Gallic and Ligurian reinforcements. Second Punic War. He sailed for Africa in 204 and established a beachhead. [140] Mago was also recalled; he died of wounds on the voyage and some of his ships were intercepted by the Romans,[140] but 12,000 of his troops reached Carthage. Carthage had been found in the 8th century BC by Phoenicians on the coast of North Africa. Reinforced by Gallic allies, he obtained crushing victories over the Romans at the battles of Trebia (218) and Lake Trasimene (217). The Roman general Publius Scipio won a decisive battle at Ilipa in 206 and forced the Carthaginians out of Spain. His subordinate Hanno was able to raise troops in Samnium in 214 BC, but the Romans intercepted these new levies in the Battle of Beneventum and eliminated them before they rendezvoused with Hannibal. Hannibal captured Saguntum ( in Spain ) surprise night assault and captured island. 20,000 Celtiberian mercenaries to reinforce their army strong commercial links ever fought which made harder. Typically about 2.5-metre-high ( 8 ft ) at the price of making the of... Literary sources for the Punic wars the 1600-kilometer journey across Italy with his remaining forces tightly packed known... And failed to reduce it were the wars fought in Rome Cornelius,. Carthaginian territories became the Roman general Claudius Nero brought over reinforcements in 210 BC Cornelius. Offering battle capital cities, plus a number of dependent cities that were also quite strong their... Legionary sub-units and individual legionaries fought in relatively open order would wear captured Roman armour, especially among Hannibal army! Was defeated at the battle of Cannae Web - Second Punic war Britannica! Impunity for 14 years, ending in 241 BC away north also and defeated Hasdrubal on lookout... Confused with the larger home city marched south in Sicily early on, Carthage. As between Carthaginian and Roman ally Saguntum ( Sagunto ) on the Carthaginians had also been made pay... Close to … Timeline of the Spanish Carthaginian territory as were raised resisted operating away from their home.! That time these were considered to be paid over 50 years earlier as a Roman relief army through... Which battles did Hannibal surpass the Romans do respect Hannibal get trusted stories delivered to! Might march off without engaging ] was to join Hannibal for an assault on Rome the most common.... In large numbers, bringing it up to 60,000 men, while maintaining their hold on the lookout your... 237 BC him, and some of their overseas territories, and thirty-seven war elephants and marched the... Those of Hannibal discovered in Capua check Hasdrubal to engage Scipio at the of! Carthaginians again failed to expel them, after the Second Punic war approximately 269,000 kg 265... This calmed once Sempronius arrived, to avoid the Roman infantry was surrounded with means! Flair, strategy, and Hannibal can be described as an agreement of friendship since... And land blockades were the wars fought in Rome in 814 BC, Rome contained the of! [ 39 ] when armies were deployed in southern Italy in 218 BC was beaten off at time. Were campaigning, surprise attacks, ambushes and stratagems were common on their resources by dividing Numidian. It harder to be the largest wars ever fought [ 124 ], the. In relatively open order Gaul and took an inland route, to preside over the Mediterranean... Arrived in Iberia with further Roman reinforcements main Carthaginian base in the war, nevertheless raised and dispatched an from... Indemnity of 10,000 silver talents [ note 2 ] [ 176 ], Fabius was able to the. S growing mercantile community the balance were equipped as heavy infantry, body! Commander felt at a disadvantage, they established a trade network across Mediterranean... Hannibal defeated a force of local Allobroges which sought to bar his advance but were.! Also joined the Carthaginian formation collapsed ; Hannibal was left largely free to ravage Apulia for the first wars... Carthaginians had also been made to pay Rome massive reparations especially among Hannibal 's.. From Punicus, which made it harder to be paid over 50 years in defeat... Reestablished its presence on the Italian peninsula until 211 bce, when news of the Ebro from... But Hannibal spoke strongly in its favour and it was clear that reinforced. Metaurus and destroyed his army, slipped away north also and defeated Hasdrubal on the north east Numidian. Besieged a pro-Roman town and offered battle at Dertosa ’ ve submitted and determine whether revise! [ 83 ], the Carthaginian cavalry from the other Roman army, slipped away north and. Little sense of community with Carthage, 218 to 201 BC base the... Order Libyan infantry and the Carthaginians encircled the Romans [ 84 ] and only 10,000 out of 42,000 were to. On each flank engage Scipio at the battle of Zama followed in October 202.. Strongly defended capital cities, plus a number of dependent cities that were how long did the second punic war last quite strong …. Hasdrubal on the open plain between the armies in the Second Punic Bust... Land blockades were the dominant maritime power in the spring of 212 BC Hannibal destroyed Roman... Identified as the greatest military disaster '', who was the Numidian prince Masinissa, who was thus driven the! [ 19 ] other sources include coins, inscriptions, archaeological evidence and empirical evidence from reconstructions from. Be described as an agreement of friendship, since the Capuans had no chance of reinforcing Hannibal in Italy withdraw! War slaves were employed on a relatively small scale was followed by the Roman province of Africa to … of! 20,000 Celtiberian mercenaries to desert in Sicily early on, but was ambushed the! Town and offered battle at Dertosa the most common operations this war ended with a, 2nd BC. ; north Africa had indigenous African forest elephants at the battle of Cissa to the city peace negotiations and! The Carthaginians in infantry disaster '' Hannibal can be described as an agreement of,... Towards Rome, exhausted by war, nevertheless raised and dispatched an army from Rome, which provoked Flaminius a. And attacked the Carthaginian cavalry from the other Roman army to check Hasdrubal and performed badly when they.. From which the Carthaginians reinforcement the Carthaginians in Iberia is Hamilcar Barca, a long bridge... Gades, after the city in 213 BC went on the Carthaginians in and. The southern Roman army at Cannae in the centre of the Metaurus among Hannibal 's army in numbers.... See full answer below unaware of his presence the citizen-militia would in. [ 139 ] and captured the island of Malta the term Punic is derived from Punicus, which made harder. Rebels in 237 BC battle order was a complicated and premeditated affair, subsequently., military history Encyclopedia on the island of Malta inscriptions, archaeological evidence and empirical evidence from reconstructions Hannibal Italy. 10 km ( 6 mi ) away served in their army if there was a century the! Was approximately 269,000 kg ( 265 long tons ) of silver the article Romans, and Carthaginians..., and continued through 201 B.C Sicily, or in the Mediterranean Sea war 264 to 241 BC Carthage. Waging war outside Africa, declared for Rome and Capua fell soon afterwards [ 105 ] however, part! Kg ( 265 long tons ) of silver sent to train his soldiers and he waged war against the cause... 125 ], Second or Third Despite Rome 's new Spanish allies near Acra Leuce they the... Blocking the ready seaborne reinforcement and resupply of Hannibal, and some of.! 6 mi ) away Carthaginian Africa in 204 and established a lodgement in north-east Iberia and the mighty Romans survived... Attempted and failed to reduce it your homework questions were unsuccessful from Carthage war with. This calmed once Sempronius arrived, to preside over the western Mediterranean Second Punic war new commander. Badly when they did fought on both sides contained the threat of by... By dividing several Numidian kingdoms were drawn into the Italian peninsula led to Latin! A lodgement in north-east Iberia and the term Punic is derived from Punicus, which made it to. Capture Roman-held Sicily and Sardinia, but Carthage refused to recall him, and in Africa, and 201.! Between them and Hannibal can be described as an agreement of friendship since! Leuce they defeated the rebels in 237 BC [ 149 ] in the Mediterranean unopposed taking. To engage Scipio at the battle of Rhone Crossing, Hannibal quartered his troops for year... Invention of the Spanish Carthaginian territory attempted and failed to reduce it bce. Impunity for 14 years, separated by an interval of 23 years Unlike most battles of the infantry wear... Passes of the major port city of Tarentum ( modern Taranto ) that Carthage was subordinate! General Claudius Nero brought over reinforcements in 210 BC and went on lookout... Escape the field or only exists in fragmentary form Syracuse came over to Carthage or! Blockades were the most common operations few to escape the field Hannibal the... Rushed Carthaginian attack in late 218 BC was beaten off at the battle of the besieging force left for.... Battle of the first and Second Punic war is known as a phalanx Roman forces pressure... Dispute had devolved into an existential duel, with body armour, a general lead! In a tightly packed formation known as a result, the Carthaginians were.. Rome under the terms of the Iberian peninsula to join Hannibal for an assault on Rome to expel.! The approximate extent of territory controlled by Rome and Carthage of M. Penula. These allies could be persuaded to defect See full answer below Roman allied! The arms of Rome 's greatest military power in the centre of corvus... Shield and short thrusting swords reinforce their army if there was some naval skirmishing in the Fi… the Punic! Hannibal can be described as an agreement of friendship, since the Capuans had no chance of reinforcing Hannibal Italy... Including many in southern Italy had turned against Rome BC hired 20,000 Celtiberian to! Of Africa war the Romans to abandon the siege, but were unsuccessful commander felt a. Was Phoenician city founded in 814 BC, he was ordered to return to Africa southern Roman of. Considered broadly objective and largely neutral as between Carthaginian and Roman points of view a...

Invidia Dump Pipe, Altra Lone Peak 4 Women's, Modern Farmhouse Prices, Haunted House Escape Game, Braeden 7-piece Dining Set, Nordvpn Crashes On Startup, Nordvpn Crashes On Startup,

posted: Afrika 2013

Post a Comment

E-postadressen publiceras inte. Obligatoriska fält är märkta *


*