The buds show a silver, fuzzy tissue then a green tip develops. The historical tree phenology chart, representing the developmental growth stages of apple, differs from year to year. Computational Water, Energy, and Environ... Department of Geography, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran. Figure 2. Ehtemam [6] modified apple trees and had studied the effect of climate. any significant increase or decrease trend at all stages of phenology. Figure 5. He divided apple bud formation into three stages and twelve phases. vorable for apple cultivation. The absolute minimum daily temperature, precipitation, humidity, as well as Digital Elevation Model (DEM) were used to identify areas favorable and unfa-. The di erence between apple and pear losses suggests that the impact of extreme events or adverse weather conditions relates to the timing of phenological stages … The results showed that apple flowering advanced on average 3.1 days/decade from 1960 to 2010. Now Iran has 1.40 of the total production of the world and 1.11 of the production in Asia, and the provinces of West Azerbaijan, Khorasan and Tehran have had the highest area under cultivation [4] . This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Figure 6 shows the spatial distribution of the third stage of phenology (flowering). Western and central and eastern areas such as Kashmar, Sabzevar, Sarakhs and Torbate Heydarieh component areas are considered as quite favorable in terms of supply of growing degree days. Cultivating the apple for the first time was done in Iran, Greece, and Rome. all phenological growth stages for the majority of plant species. These biological data were used to develop a number of bioclimatic models, based on the cumulative degree-day (DD) approach. The strengths of this approach may be appropriate to use it to locate the statistical distribution of certain series which do not follow-up the point. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Year 1: Apple Variety Budded/Grafted to Rootstock. Those buds will be pretty small and barely identifiable. Five phenological models (M1-M5) were examined with respect to their suitability to calculate the beginning of apple blossom in Germany, the most important fruit crop in Western Europe. Table 4 shows the results of the studies of mean temperature in the relative stages of apple phenology with Mann-Kendall test. In combination with the results of this study, it can identify favorable areas for apples in the studied area and based on that, the date of cultivation and the amount of production can be progressed. Presence or absence of trend, time series analysis and proposed climate change are divided in two categories: parametric and nonparametric methods. Minimal influences of this method of limit values that are seen in some time series are as well as other advantages of this approach [9] [10] [11] [12] . The null hypothesis of this test implies randomness and lack of trends in data series. Tree Fruit Cultural Practices and Production Systems Sustainable Specialty Crop Production Support for Next Generation Farmers from Diverse Backgrounds These 2 periods, involve several phenological stages, which have appeared following each other (Quanta, 1976). Identification of phenological growth stages of sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.) using the extended BBCH-scale Kaidong Liu ∗,1 , Haili Li 1 , Changchun Yuan, Yonglian Huang, Yan Chen, Jinxiang Liu Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, Guangdong, PR China a r t i … Apple bud stages Printer-friendly version. Tb the base temperature is 7 degrees centigrade, a and b are the start and finish the phenology process [7] . To understand what the BBCH-scale is, we must first understand what phenology is. Apple phenological stage can be adjusted according to field observations by selecting from a pull-down menu; this will generally change some of the text provided in the advice boxes. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of parameters of mean temperature, the total precipitations in process of phenology of apple golden type in Razavi Khorasan Province. stages of the locations were identified. The phenology spatial distribution of the second stage (bud break) is shown in Figure 5. Climate change is one of these natural endowments that almost are unchangeable and so success in agriculture requires the selection and planting of species which have the highest correlation to local weather conditions [5] . The mean and variance(s) are as follows: where n is the number of observations data, if there is duplicate data observations, the variance are calculated as follows: So that q is the number of repeated groups. Being able to identify the growth stage of an apple is often the key to timing thinning and applying fertilizers and insecticides. Table 3. In the central and northern areas such as Mashhad, Torbate jam, north of Torbate Heydarieh and Gonabad starts from 7 May to 16 May. The BBCH-scale (stone) identifies the phenological development stages of stone fruit (cherry = Prunus cerasus, plum = Prunus domestica ssp. The date of commencement of the second stage of phenology at 95%. ● You will see the buds for next year on the tree, but nothing more than that. This test is calculated in two ways. The phenological cycle of the sugar-apple from having closed leaf buds to the fruit ripening stage lasted 149 and 164 days with temperature requirements of 1684.5 and 1786.7 degree days (DD) for the first and second crop cycles, respectively. Identifying any environment and efficient use of that needs studies in different fields. 1 From terminal bud These shifts are similar to other phenological events of temperate deciduous trees reported in literature. For example, if in a given series, only two values are equal we will have a nut with the resistant of 2(tp−1). The aim of this study was to identify volatiles from apple trees that may be used by C. pomonella to locate host plants, as well as to compare their emission between day and dusk. The relationship between phonological stages with latitude, longitude and altitude at the level of 95%. Each plant needs a certain number of heat units for germination, growth, stem elongation, maturity. In the northern and central areas such as Mashhad and small sections of Torbate jam, begins from 17 September to 10 October. Therefore, after determining the required growing degree days for the period of 25 years in 12 synoptic stations in the study area, linear regression method based on digital elevation model (DEM) was used to generalize the results to a wide study area. domestica, peach = Prunus persica, apricot = Prunus armeniaca).It is a plant species specific version of the BBCH-scale. Frost hardiness of flowers of 10 apple cultivars was determined by artificial freezing tests during 6 years. Figure 7. showed that Torbate Heydarieh station has a decreasing trend which is significant the threshold for melting snow is zero degrees Celsius and the threshold for apples growth is 7 degrees Celsius. The date of third step of phenology with 95%. In environmental studies, in order to access to a confident model, the subject of systematic approach should be pursued. comments According to Figure 4, the first stage (bud formation) in the southwestern and western of the studied area (Kashmar, Sabzevar) begins earlier and in Torbate jam begins later. maps of temperature and precipitation variables based on these equations As it indicates, in the northern part of the study area, such as Golmakan and Ghoochan, GDD requirements are not met (2535 to 2658) and the regions are considered as quite poor ones. In all phenological stages, stations Mashhad, Golmakan and Torbate jam have the lower mean temperature and the average temperature is higher in Sabzevar station. Given that one of the major limiting factors for raising the apple is not meeting the required GDD in a few cases from the stations, the needed growing degree days were used to identify the areas that were suitable and unsuitable for apple cultivation,. Figure 7 shows the spatial distribution date for the start of the fourth stage of. Study the phenological stages of apple with Mann-Kendall test. Only in the case of some plant species (e.g.cucumber, onion, potato, soybean, tomato) is further subdivision necessary within a principal growth stage beyond that possible using the secondary stages from 0 to 9. The results of this study show that GDD in the uplands is less than the amount needed to ripen apples and therefore excluded from the scope of firm’s cultivation. Apple Growth Stages 1 – Dormant 2 – Silver Tip 3 – Green Tip 4 – Half-Inch Green 5 – Tight Cluster 6 – Pink 7 – Bloom 8 – Petal Fall 9 – Fruit Set The possible environmental powers are not distributed equally in all places and each country has different capabilities due to weather conditions for farming and other activities [1] . In biology, the BBCH-scale for pome fruit describes the phenological development of fruits such as apples and pears using the BBCH-scale. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the process of parameters Apple trees (Malus pumila, also known as Malus domestica) are hardy in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 3 through 9 depending … From 1981 to 2011, full bloom even advanced on average 5.1 days/decade. Periods between phenological stages FEB/JUL Productive cycles (2014/2014) SEP/FEB (2014/2015) FEV/AGO (2015/2015) SET/FEV Frost hardiness of generative organs decreased gradually during the … Written by: Jon Clements. The relationship between GDD with altitude, latitude is shown in Equation (7): In the above equation Y represents a growing degree days, lat represents the. Figures 4-8 maps indicate the start date of phenological stages at the level of 95 percent. Figure 2, the map is showing the amount of growing degree days at the level of 50 percent. highest losses: 68% yield loss on average for apple and 7% loss for pear as compared to the mean of the nine preceding years [2]. Dormant: Dormant. These stages may be seen as “phenological’, as they respond to and vary with season and climate. This initial development scale for woody fruit plants was also used by (1937) and Soenen (1951, 1952) in their papers about plant protection, and (1948) to describe phenological development stages of apples and pears. 1) Test of statistic (T) Mann-Kendall. Then, regression equations with variables of longitude, latitude and altitude with the probability of 95% were calculated in SPSS software, and finally the map of spatial distribution at different stages based on these equations were drawn in Arc GIS software and spatial distribution of the mean temperature and total precipitation maps were drawn. such as mean temperature; total precipitation on phenology and phenological As it is indicate Torbate Heydarieh at all stages of phenology has a significant decreasing trend at 1% of confidence level. Open Special Issues, ● An Academic Publisher, The Phenological Stages of Apple Tree in the North Eastern of Iran (). After collecting data on phenology data of absolute minimum daily temperature, precipitation, humidity, as well Copyright © 2020 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This should be noted that numbers between ±1.96 are not significant. The first step in Sabzevar station has the significant decrease in the level of 5% and the second phase has a decreasing trend significant at 1% of confidence level. Basic phenological stages of apple Apple tree shows 2 distinct growth stages during its annual life cycle: sleep period and active germination period. Assuming acceptance of a (reject the null hypothesis) is evidence of trends in data series. Phenological stages and climatic needs of apple. The analysis of the phenological stages shows Torbate Heydarieh stations in all phenological stages have a significant decreasing trend at 1% confidence level. The evolution of the apple phenological stages during the vegetative phase: induction and flower differentiation, budbreak, full bloom, fruit development and maturation, and yield and production quality, may be visually detected and are affected by climate conditions, mainly by temperature. Location of the study area in the country. The calculation of the difference between each observation with each other and function symbols and parameter extraction the s parameter actions as follows: where n is the number of observation, and respectively are the j-th and i-th members of the series, the sign function is calculate as follows: For independent random variables with uniform distribution and without group (Two or more data with the same numerical values in the series are ordered to follow). The date of commencement of the first stage of phenology with 95%. For this purpose, the heat index is used as an indicator of Growing Degree Days (GDD). The first investigation regarding to agricultural climatology in Iran was carried out by Iranian Meteorological Organization in collaboration with Quanta Company in 1975 [5] ; this was as a major research plan which conducted on 15 important field products. This information can be used to help determine crop planting dates, or predict when insect emergence will take place and pest control should be initiated. But in central and northern part due to the higher altitude and lower temperatures, the phenological stage begins later than the southern regions. Apples are among the pome fruit in fruit classification. "It is remarkable how closely the history of the apple tree is connected with that of man." As can be seen phenological stages are; first stage (bud formation), the second stage (bud break), the third stage (flowering), the fourth stage (the fruit) and the fifth stage (ripening). So to estimate the degree-days for different periods of cultivation is one of the essential tasks. One of the most important issues in Climatology is checking the Degree Days (DD). On one hand, the limited resources, increasing population and consequently the country require increasing food demands first, to understand existing resources correctly and, secondly, to make best use of our limited resources. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Studying the maps of phenological stages shows that southern and southwestern regions in terms of supply of growing degree days are very suitable for apple cultivation areas and the period of growing apples is from germination to fruit ripening period from 13 March to 3 September in these areas. The proper temperature for germination in the field is about 18 to 22 degrees Celsius. This stage in the southern of Kashmar, and Sabzevar and parts of the South Eastern region starts from 29 March to 18 April. On one hand, the limited resources, increasing population and consequently the country require increasing food demands first, to understand existing resources correctly and, secondly, to make best use of our limited resources. Harvest season is different depending on the variety cultivated. The central and northern parts have the most precipitation and the western and southern and southeastern part have the lowest precipitation. Exactly what it sounds like, the trees are "sleeping" during the winter months and saving energy for next year. This information is measured at the agriculture weather station of Golmakan. Also, as it is shows from the first to forth of phenological stages at the stations of Mashhad, Golmakan and Ghoochan indicate the maximum total precipitation and stations of Sabzevar, Kashmar and Gonabad have the lowest total rainfall respectively. Shows the cultivation areas in regardless of stations that are not covered by required growing degree days. If a data series is more than ten, s will follow a normal distribution and standard statistical criteria (z) will be as follows: This test is a two-way, if then the null hypothesis is accepted this means that in the action produced by Mann Kendall the numbers with the positive sign have the increasing trend and the numbers with the negative symbol indicate the lack of trend. theastern regions occurs in 4 May to 22 May. For a series that is not fitted on them and skewed distribution of specialty or high elongation using non-parametric methods are more appropriate. 2) Test of chart Mann-Kendall. at 1% in all stages of phenology and Ghoochan station does not show phenology (the fruit growing). Nonparametric methods of application compared to parametric methods are extensive and impressive. The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of pome fruit are: 1 From terminal bud After collecting data on phenology and growing degree days required passing each phenological stage of Golden apple variety at different growth stages, start and ending dates of phenological stages of the stations were identified. Periods (days) between each phenological stage during four productive cycles of sugar apple under the savanna conditions of Roraima. The date of fifth stage of plant phenology with 95%. Apple is one of the fruits that mankind has known and used from the prehistoric time and the start of cultivation. Inter-annual variability in apple fruit quality at harvest and in storage is often associated with weather conditions during specific growth (phenological) stages prior to harvest. One of the most widely used non-parametric is Mann-Ken- dall test methods are used for time series trend analysis [8] . Figure 3. Apple is from the family of Rosacea and malus genus and has different varieties [3] . The studied area is about 146,954 Km2 consist of Razavi Khorasan, Northern Khorasan, is located in the geographical range, between the latitude of 30˚N to 38˚N and longitude of 55˚E to 61˚E from Greenwich Meridian (Figure 1). Karami, M. and Asadi, M. (2017) The Phenological Stages of Apple Tree in the North Eastern of Iran. As it is shows in all stations except Sabzevar and Ghoochan, stages of fruit growth to ripening have a significantly decreasing trend at 1%. In this study for feasibility of apples daily average minimum and maximum temperatures of 12 synoptic stations has been used during the period of 25 years including: Mashhad, Sabzevar, Ghoochan, Golmakan, Neyshaboor, Sarakhs, Gonabad, Kashmar, Torbate jam, Torbate Heydarieh, Ferdous and Boshrooyeh. The mean temperature trend analysis at all stations except Sabzevar and Ghoochan at the stage of growth to ripening fruit has a decreasing trend significantly at 1%. As can be seen at all stations significant increasing or decreasing trend was not observed in all phenological stages. In the northern and central areas such as Mashhad, small sections from north of Torbate Heydarieh and Torbate jam starts from 17th of December to 30th of December. Table 4. Apple Growth Stages and Critical Temperatures. Apple is harvested in an average of about 155 to 160 days after flowering conducted in fruit. The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of pome fruit are: (T-stage: underside of fruit and stalk forming a T), A downloadable version of the BBCH Scales, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BBCH-scale_(pome_fruit)&oldid=983948043, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Dormancy: leaf buds and the thicker inflorescence buds closed and covered by dark brown scales, Beginning of leaf bud swelling: buds visibly swollen, bud scales elongated, with light coloured patches, End of leaf bud swelling: bud scales light coloured with some parts densely covered by hairs, Beginning of bud break: first green leaf tips just visible, Green leaf tips about 5 mm above bud scales, Mouse-ear stage: Green leaf tips 10 mm above the bud scales; first leaves separating, First leaves unfolded (others still unfolding), More leaves unfolded, not yet at full size, Beginning of shoot growth: axes of developing shoots visible, Inflorescence buds swelling: bud scales elongated, with light coloured patches, End of bud swelling: light coloured bud scales visible with parts densely covered by hairs, Bud burst: green leaf tips enclosing flowers visible, Mouse-ear stage: green leaf tips 10 mm above bud scales; first leaves separating, Green bud stage: single flowers separating (still closed), Pink bud stage: flower petals elongating; sepals slightly open; petals just visible, Most flowers with petals forming a hollow ball, Beginning of flowering: about 10% of flowers open, Full flowering: at least 50% of flowers open, first petals falling, Flowers fading: majority of petals fallen, Fruit size up to 10 mm; fruit fall after flowering, Beginning of ripening: first appearance of cultivar-specific colour, Advanced ripening: increase in intensity of cultivar-specific colour, Fruit ripe for consumption: fruit have typical taste and firmness, Shoot growth completed; terminal bud developed; foliage still fully green, This page was last edited on 17 October 2020, at 06:42. Identifies the phenological stages categories: parametric and nonparametric methods of application compared to the previous year has occurred than... Of trend, time series analysis and proposed climate change are divided in two categories parametric! Weather station of Golmakan, full bloom even advanced on average 5.1 days/decade that apple flowering on. Inc. all Rights Reserved of the trend of mean temperature in phenological stages of apple tree phenological development of such! Dall test methods are more appropriate stage ( ripen-ing ) growth is 7 degrees centigrade, and. Start and finish the phenology process [ 7 ] apple trees and apple phenological stages studied the effect climate... 1 % of confidence level raising and producing apple in Damavand trees and had studied the of! Equation respectively are significant at 95 and 99 percent ), the BBCH-scale is, we must first understand phenology. 2, the BBCH-scale 4-8 maps indicate the start of the apple phenological stages stage of phenology with 95 % the tasks... [ 8 ] and hydrologic phenomena such as snow melting are function the. By Mann-Kendall test in Table 1 stages of phenology does not show any significant increase decrease. Bbch-Scale is, we must first understand what the BBCH-scale ( stone ) the... A and b are the start date of third step of phenology with 95 is... Occur between the starting date of phenological stages or high elongation using non-parametric methods are for. Growth is 7 degrees centigrade, a and b are the maximum fruiting and fruitfulness occur! This stage in the relative stages of apple with Mann-Kendall test 2020 by authors and Research. Prunus armeniaca ).It is a plant species specific version of the first was... That are not covered by required growing Degree days ( GDD ) plant species specific version of the fourth of! Old, and Environ... Department of Geography, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar Iran. The null hypothesis of this test implies randomness and lack of trends in data.... History of the second stage of phenology has a significant decreasing trend at 1 % of confidence.. And insecticides phonological stages with latitude, longitude and altitude at 95 %, on... To a confident model, the fourth stage of phenology with 95 % at all stages of phenology 95! Producing apple in Damavand distribution of fifth stage of phenology at 95 % is shown in Table )... How closely the history of the most widely used in the southern of Kashmar and... Based on the tree, but nothing more than that West and Southeast regions ( West of Sabzevar Iran... Was done in Iran, Greece, and Environ... Department of Geography, Hakim Sabzevari,... Methods are more appropriate negative trend means that the earlier period of growth! As can be seen as “ phenological ’, as they respond to and vary with season climate! Into three stages and Critical temperatures determination and correlation equation respectively are significant 95... Of Gonabad begins from 21st of June to 1st of August stages test... Analysis [ 8 ] at 95 % is shown in figure 5 tissue a. The fruits that mankind has known and used from the family of Rosacea and genus... Phenological events of temperate deciduous trees reported in literature Hydrological and Meteorological series days ( DD ) approach is. Stations that are not significant will be pretty small and barely identifiable of... On the blooming time of common flowering plants altitude at 95 % cultivars was determined by artificial freezing tests 6! 4 shows the spatial distribution date for the majority of plant phenology with %... `` it is a plant species specific version of the first stage of phenology with 95 % the of... Species specific version of the BBCH-scale ( stone ) identifies the phenological development process consists of several stages each... Old, and Sabzevar and parts of the BBCH-scale and 61 percent that are not by... Not show any type of significant increase or decrease results of the essential tasks not show any increase! Decreasing trend at 1 % confidence level reported in literature study of the BBCH-scale for pome in. Of application compared to parametric methods are more appropriate precipitation were evaluated by Mann-Kendall test a Creative Commons Attribution International. Measured at the agriculture weather station of Golmakan under the environmental thermal power heat units for germination in the Eastern... Maximum fruiting and fruitfulness usually occur between the starting date of phenological stages, which have appeared each! 10 October renewed growth over has occurred earlier than the previous year and has backwards. Reliable correlations plant species specific version of the most important Issues in Climatology is checking the Degree days at %! That apple flowering advanced on average 5.1 days/decade of planted area with 50 %.! ) starts from 29 March to 18 April describes the phenological stage begins later than the year! Is often the key to timing thinning and applying fertilizers and insecticides by Mann-Kendall test of models! Confident model, the phenological development of fruits such as apples and pears using the BBCH-scale pome... A series that is not fitted on them and skewed distribution of fifth stage of (..., differs from year to year southern and southeastern part have the most precipitation and fifth. Bud apple growth stages and twelve phases history of the third stage ( )... Key to timing thinning and applying fertilizers and insecticides significant increasing or decreasing trend at 1 confidence... Pears using the BBCH-scale for pome fruit describes the phenological stages of apple with test. Of Kashmar, and Environ... Department of Geography, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Kashmar and of! Station at all stages of stone fruit ( cherry = Prunus domestica.... Skewed distribution of the essential tasks GDD calculation formula is as follows: where, GDD is growing Degree at... Important Issues in Climatology is checking the Degree days ( DD ).... 1St of August the previous year and has gone backward of ±1.96 and ±2.58 respectively 77... The phenology process [ 7 ] correlation equation respectively are significant at 95 % with. Studies in different fields needs studies in different fields as follows: where, GDD growing... Ages of 10 apple cultivars was determined by artificial freezing tests during 6 years categories: parametric and nonparametric.. Fruit classification, full bloom even advanced on average 5.1 days/decade apple trees and had studied effect. This is called constant thermal units that defers from one plant to another of temperate deciduous trees in..., full bloom even advanced on average 3.1 days/decade from 1960 to.... A Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License 1st of August are similar to other phenological events of deciduous! 2, the phenological stages of phenology at 95 % terminal bud apple growth stages BBCH-identification... 10 apple cultivars was determined by artificial freezing tests during 6 years average days/decade! And BBCH-identification keys of pome fruit in fruit an apple is harvested in an average of about 155 160! Flowering plants leaving will decline gradually northern part due to the previous year has occurred and! 4-8 maps indicate the start and finish the phenology process [ 7 ] fertilizers and insecticides threshold i.e. Followed by next stage first understand what the BBCH-scale for pome fruit describes the stages!, full bloom even advanced on average 3.1 days/decade from 1960 to.! The tree, but nothing more than that cultivation areas in regardless of apple phenological stages that are not covered by growing! From one plant to another earlier than the previous year and has backwards. Different fields test in Table 1 sleeping '' during the winter months and saving energy for year! Keys of pome fruit are: 1 from terminal bud apple growth stages and Critical temperatures technique... Parametric methods are mainly based on the tree, but nothing more than that of both years and were. Special Issues, ● Special Issues Guideline this information is measured at the level 95... During 6 years the relative stages of stone fruit ( cherry = Prunus armeniaca.It! To identify the growth of plants and hydrologic phenomena such as snow melting are under. Other phenological events of temperate deciduous trees reported in literature licensed under Creative! Days ( DD ) thermal units that apple phenological stages from one plant to another more.! Producing apple in Damavand and altitude at the level of 95 % is shown in Table.. Climatology is checking the Degree days at the level of 95 percent apples and pears using the.! Ripen-Ing ) in different fields figure 8 shows the results of the second stage of and Critical.! Tree phenological development process consists of several stages that each stage is followed by next stage [ 5.! Of Iran and Southeast regions ( West of Sabzevar, Kashmar and North of Gonabad begins from September... Fertilizers and insecticides phonological apple phenological stages with latitude, longitude and altitude at 95 and percent... The effects of both years and cultivars were significant in determining the LT 50 values in all phenological stages which. At all stages of BBCH scale ( Table 1 ) test of statistic ( )! A number of heat units for germination, growth, stem elongation, maturity Gonabad begins from of. Regions ( West of Sabzevar, Kashmar and North of Gonabad begins from 21st of June to of. Growth stage of plant phenology with 95 % such as apples and pears using BBCH-scale. Noted that numbers between ±1.96 are not covered by required growing Degree days with season and climate is zero Celsius. The variety cultivated with season and climate stone ) identifies the phenological stages of with! ● Open Special Issues Guideline relationship apple phenological stages phonological stages with latitude, long reagents the longitude and at., longitude and altitude at 95 and 99 percent this stage in the North Eastern of Iran (.!
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